Manufacturing IndustriesClass 10 Geography NCERT Solutions
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Q1Activities
Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods. (i) Oil (ii) Knitting needles (iii) Brassware (iv) Fuse wires (v) Watches (vi) Sewing Machines (vii) Shipbuilding (viii) Electric Bulbs (ix) Paint brushes (x) Automobiles
Solution
The items can be classified into heavy and light industries as follows:
Heavy Industries: These industries use heavy raw materials and produce heavy finished goods.
- (vii) Shipbuilding
- (x) Automobiles
- (i) Oil (The refining process involves large, bulky quantities of crude oil and heavy machinery)
Light Industries: These industries use light raw materials and produce light finished goods.
- (ii) Knitting needles
- (iii) Brassware
- (iv) Fuse wires
- (v) Watches
- (vi) Sewing Machines
- (viii) Electric Bulbs
- (ix) Paint brushes
Q2Activities
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i)
Used to drive machinery (5) P..........................
(ii)
People who work in a factory (6) W______
(iii)
Where the product is sold (6) M______
(iv)
A person who sells goods (8) R______
(v)
Thing produced (7) P______
(vi)
To make or produce (11) M______
(vii)
Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P______
Solution
(i)
POWER
(ii)
WORKER
(iii)
MARKET
(iv)
RETAILER
(v)
PRODUCT
(vi)
MANUFACTURE
(vii)
POLLUTION
Q3Activities
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called... The basic raw material for sugar industry. This fibre is also known as the 'Golden Fibre'. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.
Solution
- AGROBASED INDUSTRIES (Note: This term is the correct answer based on the chapter content but is not found in the provided puzzle grid.)
- SUGARCANE (Found horizontally in the 3rd row of the grid.)
- JUTE (Note: Jute is known as the 'Golden Fibre'. However, this word is not found in the provided puzzle grid.)
- IRON AND STEEL (Found as 'IRONSTEEL' horizontally in the 7th row of the grid.)
- BHILAI (Found horizontally in the 5th row of the grid.)
- VARANASI (Found horizontally in the 1st row of the grid.)
Q1Long Answer Questions
(i) How do industries pollute the environment?
Solution
Industries pollute the environment in four main ways:
-
Air Pollution: Industries release high proportions of undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide () and carbon monoxide (). Smoke, dust, and other particulate matter emitted from chemical plants, refineries, and the burning of fossil fuels degrade air quality, harming human health, animals, and plants.
-
Water Pollution: Industrial wastes, both organic and inorganic, are often discharged into rivers and other water bodies. Industries like paper, chemical, and textile release dyes, detergents, acids, and heavy metals. Thermal pollution, caused by releasing hot water from factories without cooling, also adversely affects aquatic life.
-
Land Pollution: The dumping of industrial wastes such as glass, harmful chemicals, and packaging renders the soil useless. When rainwater percolates through these waste dumps, it carries pollutants into the ground, contaminating groundwater resources.
-
Noise Pollution: Unwanted sound from industrial and construction activities, machinery, and generators causes noise pollution. This can lead to health issues like hearing impairment, increased heart rate, blood pressure, and psychological stress.
Q2Long Answer Questions
(ii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?
Solution
Several steps can be taken to minimise environmental degradation caused by industries:
-
Minimising Water Pollution: Water use should be minimized by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. Rainwater harvesting can supplement water requirements. Most importantly, industrial effluents and hot water must be treated before being released into rivers. This treatment involves primary (mechanical screening), secondary (biological processes), and tertiary (chemical and physical processes) stages.
-
Reducing Air Pollution: Air pollution can be controlled by fitting smokestacks with equipment like electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and scrubbers to separate particulate matter. Using cleaner energy sources like oil or natural gas instead of coal in factories can also significantly reduce smoke emissions.
-
Controlling Noise Pollution: Industrial noise can be reduced by fitting machinery and generators with silencers. Equipment can be redesigned to be more energy-efficient and produce less noise. The use of noise-absorbing materials and personal protective equipment like earplugs also helps.
-
Adopting Sustainable Practices: The challenge of sustainable development requires integrating economic growth with environmental concerns. This involves optimizing equipment utilization, minimizing waste generation through practices like ash utilization, and creating green belts to maintain ecological balance.
Q1Multiple Choice Questions
(i) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
Solution
Correct Answer: (a) Aluminium Smelting
Explanation: The source text states, "Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock." This directly links bauxite to the aluminium smelting industry.
Q2Multiple Choice Questions
(ii) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.
Solution
Correct Answer: (b) Electronic
Explanation: According to the chapter, "The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry." While Information Technology is related, it primarily deals with software and services, whereas the electronic industry manufactures the physical hardware like telephones and computers.
Q1Project Work
Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area.
(i)
What are the raw materials they use?
(ii)
What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost?
(iii)
Are these factories following environmental norms?
Solution
This is a project-based activity, and the answer will vary depending on the student's location. A sample answer is provided below as a guideline.
1. Agro-based Industry: A Sugar Mill
(i)
Raw Materials: The primary raw material is sugarcane. Other materials include lime and sulphur dioxide for juice clarification.
(ii)
Other Inputs involving Transportation Cost:
- Sugarcane needs to be transported from farms to the mill quickly to prevent sucrose loss.
- Other inputs like chemicals (lime, sulphur), bags for packaging, and coal for power generation need to be transported to the factory.
- The finished products (sugar, molasses, bagasse) need to be transported to markets.
(iii)
Environmental Norms: A modern sugar mill should follow environmental norms by treating its effluents (wastewater) before discharge to prevent water pollution. It should also manage the disposal of press mud and control emissions from its boilers to prevent air pollution. Bagasse, a byproduct, is often used as a renewable fuel, which is an environmentally friendly practice.
2. Mineral-based Industry: A Cement Plant
(i)
Raw Materials: The main raw materials are bulky and heavy, including limestone, silica, and gypsum.
(ii)
Other Inputs involving Transportation Cost:
- Transportation of heavy raw materials like limestone and gypsum from quarries to the plant is a major cost.
- Coal and electricity are needed for power. Coal has to be transported to the plant.
- The final product, cement, is bulky and requires an efficient transport network (rail and road) for distribution to markets.
(iii)
Environmental Norms: Cement plants can be highly polluting. To follow norms, they must install electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters in their smokestacks to capture dust and particulate matter, thus controlling air pollution. They also need to manage quarrying activities responsibly and implement measures to control noise pollution from their heavy machinery.
Q1Short Answer Questions
(i) What is manufacturing?
Solution
Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products. For example, paper is manufactured from wood, and sugar is manufactured from sugarcane.
Q2Short Answer Questions
(ii) What are basic industries? Give an example.
Solution
Basic or key industries are those that supply their products as raw materials for other industries to manufacture goods. For example, the iron and steel industry is a basic industry because steel is used to make machinery for various other industries.