NCERT Solutions

Explain the concept of depreciation. What is the need for charging depreciation and what are the causes of depreciation?

Discuss in detail the straight line method and written down value method of depreciation. Distinguish between the two and also give situations where they are useful.

Describe in detail two methods of recording depreciation. Also give the necessary journal entries.

Explain determinants of the amount of depreciation.

Name and explain different types of reserves in details.

What are 'provisions'. How are they created? Give accounting treatment in case of provision for doubtful Debts.

On July 01, 2010, Ashok Ltd. Purchased a Machine for ₹ 1,08,000 and spent ₹ 12,000 on its installation. At the time of purchase it was estimated that the effective commercial life of the machine will be 12 years and after 12 years its salvage value will be ₹ 12,000. Prepare machine account and depreciation Account in the books of Ashok Ltd. For first three years, if depreciation is written off according to straight line method. The account are closed on December 31st, every year.

Reliance Ltd. Purchased a second hand machine for ₹ 56,000 on October 01, 2011 and spent ₹ 28,000 on its overhaul and installation before putting it to operation. It is expected that the machine can be sold for ₹ 6,000 at the end of its useful life of 15 years. Moreover an estimated cost of ₹ 1,000 is expected to be incurred to recover the salvage value of ₹ 6,000 . Prepare machine account and Provision for depreciation account for the first three years charging depreciation by fixed installment Method. Accounts are closed on March 31, every year.

Azad Ltd. purchased furniture on October 01, 2014 for ₹ 4,50,000. On March 01, 2015 it purchased another furniture for ₹ 3,00,000. On July 01, 2016 it sold off the first furniture purchased in 2014 for ₹ 2,25,000. Depreciation is provided at 15% p.a. on written down value method each year. Accounts are closed each year on March 31. Prepare furniture account, and accumulated depreciation account for the years ended on March 31, 2015, March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2017. Also give the above two accounts if furniture disposal account is opened.

M/s Lokesh Fabrics purchased a Textile Machine on April 01, 2011 for ₹ 1,00,000. On July 01,2012 another machine costing ₹ 2,50,000 was purchased . The machine purchased on April 01, 2011 was sold for ₹ 25,000 on October 01, 2015. The company charges depreciation @ 15% p.a. on straight line method. Prepare machinery account and machinery disposal account for the year ended March 31, 2016.

The following balances appear in the books of Crystal Ltd, on Jan 01, 2015

Machinery account on 15,00,000 Provision for depreciation account 5,50,000

On April 01, 2015 a machinery which was purchased on January 01, 2012 for ₹ 2,00,000 was sold for ₹ 75,000. A new machine was purchased on July 01, 2015 for ₹ 6,00,000. Depreciation is provided on machinery at 20% p.a. on Straight line method and books are closed on December 31 every year. Prepare the machinery account and provision for depreciation account for the year ending December 31, 2015.

M/s. Excel Computers has a debit balance of ₹ 50,000 (original cost ₹ 1,20,000) in computers account on April 01, 2010. On July 01, 2010 it purchased another computer costing ₹ 2,50,000. One more computer was purchased on January 01, 2011 for ₹ 30,000. On April 01, 2014 the computer which has purchased on July 01, 2010 became obselete and was sold for ₹ 20,000. A new version of the IBM computer was purchased on August 01, 2014 for ₹ 80,000. Show Computers account in the books of Excel Computers for the years ended on March 31, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The computer is depreciated @ 10 p.a. on straight line method basis.

Carriage Transport Company purchased 5 trucks at the cost of ₹ 2,00,000 each on April 01, 2011. The company writes off depreciation @ 20% p.a. on original cost and closes its books on December 31, every year. On October 01, 2013, one of the trucks is involved in an accident and is completely destroyed. Insurance company has agreed to pay ₹ 70,000 in full settlement of the claim. On the same date the company purchased a second hand truck for ₹ 1,00,000 and spent ₹ 20,000 on its overhauling. Prepare truck account and provision for depreciation account for the three years ended on December 31, 2013. Also give truck account if truck disposal account is prepared.

Saraswati Ltd. purchased a machinery costing ₹ 10,00,000 on January 01, 2011. A new machinery was purchased on 01 May, 2012 for ₹ 15,00,000 and another on July 01, 2014 for ₹ 12,00,000. A part of the machinery which originally cost ₹ 2,00,000 in 2011 was sold for ₹ 75,000 on April 30, 2014. Show the machinery account, provision for depreciation account and machinery disposal account from 2011 to 2015 if depreciation is provided at 10% p.a. on original cost and account are closed on December 31, every year.

On July 01, 2011 Ashwani purchased a machine for ₹ 2,00,000 on credit. Installation expenses ₹ 25,000 are paid by cheque. The estimated life is 5 years and its scrap value after 5 years will be ₹ 20,000. Depreciation is to be charged on straight line basis. Show the journal entry for the year 2011 and prepare necessary ledger accounts for first three years.

On October 01, 2010, a Truck was purchased for ₹ 8,00,000 by Laxmi Transport Ltd. Depreciation was provided at 15% p.a. on the diminishing balance basis on this truck. On December 31, 2013 this Truck was sold for ₹ 5,00,000. Accounts are closed on 31st March every year. Prepare a Truck Account for the four years.

Kapil Ltd. purchased a machinery on July 01, 2011 for ₹ 3,50,000. It purchased two additional machines, on April 01, 2012 costing ₹ 1,50,000 and on October 01,2012 costing ₹ 1,00,000. Depreciation is provided @ 10% p.a. on straight line basis. On January 01, 2013, first machinery become useless due to technical changes. This machinery was sold for ₹ 1,00,000. prepare machinery account for 4 years on the basis of calendar year.

On January 01, 2011, Satkar Transport Ltd., purchased 3 buses for ₹ 10,00,000 each. On July 01, 2013, one bus was involved in an accident and was completely destroyed and ₹ 7,00,000 were received from the Insurance Company in full settlement. Depreciation is written off @ 15% p.a. on diminishing balance method. Prepare bus account from 2011 to 2014. Books are closed on December 31 every year.

On October 01, 2011 Juneja Transport Company purchased 2 Trucks for ₹ 10,00,000 each. On July 01, 2013, One Truck was involved in an accident and was completely destroyed and ₹ 6,00,000 were received from the insurance company in full settlement. On December 31, 2013 another truck was involved in an accident and destroyed partially, which was not insured. It was sold off for ₹ 1,50,000. On January 31, 2014 company purchased a fresh truck for ₹ 12,00,000. Depreciation is to be provided at 10% p.a. on the written down value every year. The books are closed every year on March 31. Give the truck account from 2011 to 2014.

A Noida based Construction Company owns 5 cranes and the value of this asset in its books on April 01, 2017 is ₹ 40,00,000. On October 01, 2017 it sold one of its cranes whose value was ₹ 5,00,000 on April 01, 2017 at a 10% profit. On the same day it purchased 2 cranes for ₹ 4,50,000 each. Prepare cranes account. It closes the books on December 31 and provides for depreciation on 10% written down value.

Shri Krishan Manufacturing Company purchased 10 machines for ₹ 75,000 each on July 01, 2014. On October 01, 2016, one of the machines got destroyed by fire and an insurance claim of ₹ 45,000 was admitted by the company. On the same date another machine is purchased by the company for ₹ 1,25,000. The company writes off 15% p.a. depreciation on written down value basis. The company maintains the calendar year as its financial year. Prepare the machinery account from 2014 to 2017.

On January 01, 2014, a Limited Company purchased machinery for ₹ 20,00,000. Depreciation is provided @ 15% p.a. on diminishing balance method. On March 01, 2016, one fourth of machinery was damaged by fire and ₹ 40,000 were received from the insurance company in full settlement. On September 01, 2016 another machinery was purchased by the company for ₹ 15,00,000. Write up the machinery account from 2010 to 2013. Books are closed on December 31, every year.

A Plant was purchased on 1st July, 2015 at a cost of ₹ 3,00,000 and ₹ 50,000 were spent on its installation. The depreciation is written off at 15% p.a. on the straight line method. The plant was sold for ₹ 1,50,000 on October 01, 2017 and on the same date a new Plant was installed at the cost of ₹ 4,00,000 including purchasing value. The accounts are closed on December 31 every year. Show the machinery account and provision for depreciation account for 3 years.

An extract of Trial balance from the books of Tahiliani and Sons Enterprises on March 31, 2017 is given below:

Additional Information:

Give necessary accounting entries for writing off the bad debts and creating the provision for doubtful debts account. Also show the necessary accounts.

The following information are extract from the Trial Balance of M/s Nisha traders on 31 March 2017.

Sundry Debtors 80,500 Bad debts 1,000 Provision for bad debts 5,000 Additional Information Bad Debts ₹ 500

Provision is to be maintained at 2% of Debtors. Prepare bad debts accound, Provision for bad debts account and profit and loss account.

What is 'Depreciation'?

State briefly the need for providing depreciation.

What are the causes of depreciation?

Explain basic factors affecting the amount of depreciation.

Distinguish between straight line method and written down value method of calculating depreciation.

"In case of a long term asset, repair and maintenance expenses are expected to rise in later years than in earlier year". Which method is suitable for charging depreciation if the management does not want to increase burden on profits and loss account on account of depreciation and repair.

What are the effects of depreciation on profit and loss account and balance sheet?

Distinguish between 'provision' and 'reserve' .

Give four examples each of 'provision' and 'reserves'.

Distinguish between 'revenue reserve' and 'capital reserve'.

Give four examples each of 'revenue reserve' and 'capital reserves'.

Distinguish between 'general reserve' and 'specific reserve'.

Explain the concept of 'secret reserve'.

State whether the following statements are true or false:

Basaria Confectioner bought a cold storage plant on July 01, 2014 for ₹1,00,000. Compare the amount of depreciation charged for first three years using: