Measurement and EvaluationClass 11 Health And Physical Education NCERT Solutions
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Q1I. Long Answer Questions
List and explain the tests related to muscular strength.
Solution
The tests related to muscular strength mentioned in the chapter are Push-up, Abdominal Curl, and Squat Thrust. These tests measure the strength and endurance of different muscle groups.
1. Push-up Test:
- Objective: This test measures the muscular strength and endurance of the upper body, specifically the arms, shoulders, and chest muscles.
- Procedure: The individual starts in a plank position with hands shoulder-width apart and the body in a straight line from head to ankles. They lower their body until the elbows are at a 90-degree angle and then push back up to the starting position. This action is repeated until exhaustion or a target number is reached. The score is the maximum number of correct push-ups performed.
2. Abdominal Curl Test:
- Objective: This test is used to identify and assess the muscular strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles.
- Procedure: The individual lies on their back (supine position) with knees bent and fingers interlocked behind the head. They then raise their upper body and return to the initial position repeatedly for a set duration. The score is the total number of correct curl-ups performed in the given time.
3. Squat Thrust:
- Objective: This test assesses the muscular strength and endurance of the lower body.
- Procedure: The test starts from a standing position. The individual then drops into a low squat, places their palms on the floor, and kicks both legs back into a plank position. They then quickly return to the squat and then to the original standing position. The score is the maximum number of squat thrusts performed in one minute.
Q2I. Long Answer Questions
List and explain the tests related to muscular endurance.
Solution
The chapter discusses the 1000 Metre Run or Walk Test as a measure of muscular endurance, which is specifically used to assess cardiovascular endurance.
1000 Metre Run or Walk Test:
- Objective: The primary objective of this test is to identify and assess an individual's cardiovascular endurance. Muscular endurance is the ability of muscles to perform an activity over a period of time, and this test measures how long the leg muscles and cardiovascular system can sustain the activity of running or walking.
- Equipment: A running track and a stopwatch are required.
- Procedure: On command, the participants start running from a designated starting line. They must cover a distance of 1000 metres in the shortest possible time. Walking is permitted if the participant is unable to run continuously.
- Scoring: The score is the total time taken to cover the 1000-metre distance. The time is recorded in minutes and seconds.
Q3I. Long Answer Questions
Write down the procedure of Abdominal Curl-up test.
Solution
The procedure for the Abdominal Curl test is as follows:
- Starting Position: The individual must lie down in a supine position (on their back) on a floor mat.
- Body Posture: The knees should be flexed (bent) and the elbows should also be flexed. The fingers of both hands are to be clubbed (interlocked) with each other and placed behind the head.
- Action: The individual is asked to raise his or her upper body from the floor, curling upwards. After reaching the peak of the curl, they must come back to the initial supine position.
- Repetition: This action of curling up and returning to the starting position is performed repeatedly until the given time duration ends.
- Scoring: The score is the total number of correctly performed curl-ups within the specified time.
Q4I. Long Answer Questions
Explain the waist-hip ratio in detail.
Solution
The Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) is a measurement used to determine fat distribution in the body, which helps in evaluating the overall health of an individual. It indicates the risk of developing certain health issues, as individuals carrying more weight around their middle (waist) compared to their hips are at a higher risk.
Calculation:
The WHR is calculated by dividing the waist circumference measurement by the hip circumference measurement.
Formula: WHR = Waist Measurement (cm) ÷ Hip Measurement (cm)
Measurement Procedure:
- Waist Measurement: The individual should stand straight and breathe out. A measuring tape is placed around the waist, just above the belly button, to take the measurement in centimetres.
- Hip Measurement: The tape is placed around the widest part of the individual's hips to take the measurement.
Interpretation (WHO Norms):
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides the following norms to assess health risk based on WHR:
- For Men:
- 0.95 or less: Low risk
- 0.96 to 1.0: Moderate risk
- 1.0 or higher: High risk
- For Women:
- 0.80 or less: Low risk
- 0.81 to 0.85: Moderate risk
- 0.85 or higher: High risk
Q5I. Long Answer Questions
Explain the three somato types in detail.
Solution
Somato types refer to a theory developed by William Herbert Sheldon that classifies human bodies into three basic types: Endomorph, Mesomorph, and Ectomorph. Each type has distinct physical characteristics.
1. Endomorph:
- Physical Characteristics: Endomorphic individuals typically have a pear-shaped body with short arms and legs, a rounded head, and wide hips and shoulders. They have a significant amount of body fat, especially on the upper arms and thighs. They tend to gain weight easily.
- Sports Suitability: Their body mass can be an advantage in sports requiring pure strength, such as powerlifting or rugby, where bulk is useful. They may have a large lung capacity, making them suitable for sports like rowing. However, their mass can hinder performance in sports that require agility and speed.
2. Mesomorph:
- Physical Characteristics: Mesomorphic individuals have a wedge-shaped body with a cubical head, wide and broad shoulders, narrow hips, and muscled arms and legs. They have a minimum amount of body fat and can gain muscle and strength easily.
- Sports Suitability: This body type is considered ideal for athletic activities. They excel in sports requiring strength, agility, and speed. They can easily gain or lose weight depending on their training and are strong candidates for being top athletes in almost any sport.
3. Ectomorph:
- Physical Characteristics: Ectomorphic individuals are characterized by a long, slender, and thin frame. They have a high forehead, receding chin, narrow shoulders and hips, and a narrow chest and abdomen. They have very little body muscle and fat.
- Sports Suitability: Due to their lack of musculature and mass, they are not well-suited for power and strength sports and can be more susceptible to injuries. However, they dominate in endurance sports like long-distance running and gymnastics, where a lean body is advantageous.
Q1II. Short Answer Questions
What is test?
Solution
A test is a tool used to obtain information to determine the specific characteristics or qualities of an individual. This can include knowledge, physical abilities, skill levels, or other attributes. Examples include unit tests in school, annual examinations, and physical fitness tests.
Q2II. Short Answer Questions
What is measurement?
Solution
Measurement is the score or data obtained from a test, which can be quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (grading values). It indicates the capacity or ability of an individual. For example, a student's score in an examination or the time taken to run a race is a measurement.
Q3II. Short Answer Questions
What is evaluation?
Solution
Evaluation is the process of interpreting the data collected through measurement to make a professional judgment about its value or worth. It provides feedback on the effectiveness of a process or effort. For instance, after getting a test score (measurement), a teacher evaluates it to understand a student's learning progress.
Q4II. Short Answer Questions
What is flexibility?
Solution
Flexibility is defined as the range of motion around the various joints of the body. It is the ability of our joints and muscles to perform movements with a greater range, which helps in executing movements with less muscle tension.
Q5II. Short Answer Questions
Write down two characteristics of each somato type.
Solution
Endomorph:
- They have a pear-shaped body with a large amount of fat on the body, upper arms, and thighs.
- They have wide hips and shoulders and tend to gain weight easily.
Mesomorph:
- They have a wedge-shaped body with wide, broad shoulders and narrow hips.
- They have muscled arms and legs with a minimum amount of body fat.
Ectomorph:
- They have a long, slender, and thin body with narrow shoulders and hips.
- They have little body muscle and fat.
Q1III. Fill in the Blanks
______ is calculated by dividing weight by the square of height.
Solution
BMI (Body Mass Index) is calculated by dividing weight by the square of height.
Q2III. Fill in the Blanks
______ is a tool.
Solution
Test is a tool.
Q3III. Fill in the Blanks
Measurement can be ______ or ______ both.
Solution
Measurement can be quantitative or qualitative both.
Q4III. Fill in the Blanks
Two types of flexibility are ______ flexibility and ______ flexibility.
Solution
The provided text does not specify the two types of flexibility.
Q1IV. State whether True or False
BMI stands for body measurement index.
Solution
False. BMI stands for Body Mass Index.
Q2IV. State whether True or False
Flexibility is range of motion around the various joints.
Solution
True. The text defines flexibility as the range of motion around the various joints.
Q3IV. State whether True or False
Anthropometer or stadiometer is used for measuring weight.
Solution
False. An Anthropometer or Stadiometer is used for measuring height. A weighing machine is used for measuring weight.
Q4IV. State whether True or False
The objective of squat thrust is to identify and assess muscular strength and endurance of the lower body.
Solution
True. The text states that the squat thrust test enables an individual to identify and assess muscular strength and endurance of the lower body.
Q5IV. State whether True or False
The objective of abdominal curl-up test is to identify and assess the muscular strength and endurance of back muscles.
Solution
False. The objective of the abdominal curl test is to assess the muscular strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles, not the back muscles.
Q6IV. State whether True or False
The objective of push-up test is to identify and assess muscular strength and endurance of the upper body.
Solution
True. The text states that the push-up test helps in identifying and assessing the muscular strength and endurance of the upper body.