Safety and SecurityClass 11 Health And Physical Education NCERT Solutions
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Solution 1 of 27
Q1I. Long Answer Questions
How can we prevent the injuries by preparing good sports facilities?
Solution
Injuries can be significantly prevented by preparing good sports facilities. This involves careful planning and construction of the sports environment. Key measures include:
- Sports Ground Preparation: The construction company must eliminate potential hazards such as nearby high-tension electric lines, barbed wires, wild bushes, and hard-surfaced walls. The ground surface should be clean, level, and free from hazardous materials like stones or broken bricks. For games like basketball or tennis, hard surfaces must be constructed properly with adequate space around them.
- Field Layout: The playing area should be sufficiently large to prevent accidental injuries. Fencing or seating for spectators and trainers should be at a safe distance, ideally 6 meters away from the playfield's end lines. Separate and proper sitting areas for extra players should be provided to avoid crowding.
- Safe Environment: The playing area must be kept clean and clear of dangerous objects like broken glass or sharp stones. Trees and bushes that could cause collisions should be shifted. A sufficient warm-up area should be provided away from the main competition arena.
- Needs of Differently Abled Students: While constructing sports facilities, the specific needs of differently abled students should also be considered to ensure a safe and inclusive environment for everyone.
Q2I. Long Answer Questions
What are the safety rules one can observe when buying a sports shoe?
Solution
When buying a sports shoe, observing certain safety rules is crucial to prevent injuries. Novice players are often unaware of the injuries that can be caused by poorly manufactured shoes. The following points should be considered:
- Check the Material and Arch: The primary defect in sports shoes is often in the material or the arch of the sole. A defective arch may not provide adequate support to the foot, leading to unbalanced body weight.
- Ensure Proper Arch Support: Lack of proper arch support can cause stress in the legs, leading to muscle stiffness. Over time, this can cause a sportsperson to get tired easily and may even lead to ruptured leg muscles if strenuous activity is performed.
- Objectives of a Good Shoe: The main objectives of wearing a properly manufactured shoe are to ensure:
- A comfortable feeling during activity.
- Proper ankle support to prevent twists and sprains.
- Proper balance for stable movement.
- Avoidance of leg injuries that result from uncomfortable or ill-fitting shoes.
By carefully selecting shoes that meet these criteria, an athlete can significantly reduce the risk of injuries like sprains, strains, and shin pain.
Q3I. Long Answer Questions
What is meant by safety through sports instruments?
Solution
Safety through sports instruments refers to the principle that sports equipment should be designed, manufactured, and used in a way that prioritizes the safety of the sportsperson. Due to technological advancements, modern sports equipment is often performance-friendly, but safety must not be compromised.
Key aspects of this concept include:
- Manufacturer's Responsibility: Manufacturers must prioritize the 'concept of safety to sportsperson' during the planning and design phase. The materials used for manufacturing equipment must be of a high standard, as athletes depend heavily on them for performing their skills safely.
- High-Standard Materials: The use of high-quality, durable materials ensures that the equipment can withstand the stress of sports activities without breaking or malfunctioning, which could cause serious injury.
- Player's Responsibility: Players are also advised not to use damaged equipment or instruments. Using broken or worn-out gear significantly increases the risk of accidents and injuries.
- Proper Maintenance: All sports equipment should be checked thoroughly before use. Any equipment that is not in good shape or is broken should be immediately replaced or repaired to ensure it is safe for competition and training.
Q4I. Long Answer Questions
How does sports uniform help in safety of the sportspersons?
Solution
A sports uniform, including clothing and shoes, plays a significant role in the safety and performance of a sportsperson. While it adds glamour, its primary function is to provide comfort and prevent injuries. The key safety aspects are:
-
Selection of Shoes: The right kind of shoe is critical for preventing injuries. Poorly manufactured shoes with defective arches can cause unbalanced body weight, stress in the legs, muscle stiffness, and even muscle rupture. A good sports shoe provides comfort, proper ankle support, and balance, which helps in avoiding injuries like bruises, blisters, broken nails, sprain, and strain.
-
Fabric of the T-shirt: The fabric and color of the T-shirt are also important, especially for novice players.
- Fabric Type: In a country like India with varying weather, a fabric that does not absorb sweat is considered better. Fabrics that retain sweat can cause allergies and skin problems if they remain in contact with the body for a long duration.
- Fabric Color: A light-colored fabric is generally preferred as it reflects heat, keeping the athlete cooler.
By selecting the appropriate uniform and shoes suitable for a specific sport's conditions, players can prevent a range of injuries and perform more comfortably and effectively.
Q5I. Long Answer Questions
What precaution can be taken to prevent injuries in the gymnasium?
Solution
A gymnasium is an asset for sports training and fitness, but it can also be a site for injuries if proper precautions are not taken. The following measures can help prevent injuries in the gymnasium:
- Proper Equipment Management: Equipment should be stored safely and in an organized manner. Old and damaged equipment must be repaired or replaced promptly.
- Sufficient Space: There should be adequate space for different exercises and a separate area for warming up to avoid collisions and accidents.
- Safe Environment: The gymnasium surface should be clean, dry, and non-slippery. Proper lighting conditions and good sanitation, including a reliable water supply, are essential.
- Electrical Safety: Electrical gadgets must have safe and proper fittings to prevent shocks or fires.
- Correct Lifting Techniques: Users must observe safety measures while lifting and keeping weights and barbells. Lifting heavy weights without helpers can lead to severe injury.
- Knowledge and Supervision: Users should have proper knowledge of how to use the equipment. Supervision by a qualified coach or instructor is crucial, especially for beginners, to ensure correct form and safe practices.
Q6I. Long Answer Questions
How can you curb the accidents in swimming pool?
Solution
Accidents in a swimming pool can be curbed by implementing and strictly adhering to a set of safety measures. The responsibility lies with the institution, staff, and the swimmers. Key measures include:
- Supervision and Staffing: The pool should always be supervised by trained instructors, assistant coaches, and lifeguards. Swimming activities should only be allowed when lifeguards are present. Lifeguards must be well-trained and attentive, especially towards the deep end.
- Availability of Safety Equipment: Lifesaving devices such as long sticks, ropes, whistles, lifesaving jackets, swimming pads, and kicking boards must be readily available and accessible.
- Pool Design and Maintenance: The pool should ideally have separate areas for beginners and advanced swimmers. The surface of the pool and surrounding areas should be clean, non-slippery, and well-maintained. Safety stairs and hangers should be installed for easy entry and exit. Matting should be used in washrooms to prevent falls on slippery surfaces.
- Water Quality and Hygiene: A water treatment plant should be operational. Proper chlorination is necessary to remove algae and keep the water hygienic. Showers with fresh water should be available for pre and post-swim showers.
- Swimmer's Conduct: Swimmers must follow all instructions and guidelines. They should avoid the deeper side without proper skills or supervision and must wear proper swimming uniforms, including a costume, cap, and eye protectors.
- Proper Lighting: Adequate lighting is essential, especially in the evening, for supervising swimmers effectively.
Q7I. Long Answer Questions
Physical fitness may be used as a tool to prevent sports injuries. Elaborate.
Solution
Physical fitness is a crucial tool for preventing sports injuries. It is scientifically proven that good physical fitness can help a player prevent injuries up to 60 percent in their particular game. A fit athlete is better equipped to handle the physical and mental demands of sports, which reduces the likelihood of accidents.
Here is how physical fitness helps prevent injuries:
- Prevents Tiredness: A primary reason for injury is tiredness. When a player is tired, their reaction time is hampered, and their speed and coordination are negatively influenced. A tired player is more likely to make errors in movement or judgment, leading to injury. Enhanced physical fitness and conditioning improve endurance, delaying the onset of fatigue and allowing the player to maintain performance and focus for longer periods.
- Enhances Body's Reflexes: Proper warming up, a component of a fitness routine, helps to enhance the body's reflex actions. Sharper reflexes allow a player to react more quickly to unexpected situations, such as a bad tackle or a fall, and adjust their body to avoid or minimize injury.
- Improves Decision Making and Confidence: Good physical fitness contributes to better decision-making ability and enhances the self-confidence of the player. A confident and mentally sharp player is less likely to hesitate or make risky moves that could lead to injury.
- Strengthens the Body: A well-conditioned body has stronger muscles, ligaments, and bones, which are more resistant to the stresses of sports. This conditioning helps to prevent common injuries like strains and sprains.
Q8I. Long Answer Questions
Write down the myths and facts about substance abuse.
Solution
There are many common myths surrounding substance abuse that can lead adolescents to make dangerous choices. It is important to understand the facts to counter these misconceptions.
| Myth | Facts |
|---|---|
| There is no harm in trying a drug just once, because one can stop after that. | Almost all drug addicts start by trying just once. Once the drug is taken, the user is always amenable to further drug intake, which becomes a part of their habit. |
| Drugs increase creativity and make the user more imaginative. | A drug addict loses clarity and may become incoherent over a period of time. |
| Drugs can sharpen thinking and lead to greater concentration. | Drugs induce dullness and adversely affect the normal functioning of body and mind. |
| Will power alone can help a drug addict to stop taking drugs. | Besides strong will power, love and support of family and friends, medical and psychiatric treatment may be needed to come out of drug addiction. |
| Alcohol helps people forget their problems. | Very often the opposite is found to be true. People bring up forgotten problems under intoxication. Alcohol only adds up to the existing problems. |
| Drug use makes one cool and better accepted by peers and classmates. | In the beginning, it may be seen that the use of drugs helps in winning more friends but this is a myth as these peers are not true friends or well-wishers. Furthermore, over a period of time, drug dependence makes one asocial and isolated. |
| Inhalants are basically harmless even though people make a big deal about them. | Using inhalants such as thinners, glue, and cleaning fluids can cause permanent damage to organs like the liver, brain and nerves. They are also extremely flammable and can cause burns if matches are lit nearby. |
Q9I. Long Answer Questions
What is doping and what are the side effects of blood doping?
Solution
Doping
Doping is the use of banned performance-enhancing drugs or methods by athletes to gain an unfair advantage in sports. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) defines doping as, 'the use of any method or substance that might harm the athlete, in a quest to gain an unfair advantage, over his or her fellow competitors'. The reasons for banning doping include the health risks posed by these substances, the importance of ensuring equality of opportunity for all athletes, and the violation of the 'spirit of sport'.
Side Effects of Blood Doping
Blood doping is an unethical practice where an athlete's red blood cell mass is increased to deliver more oxygen to the muscles, thereby enhancing endurance. This is typically done by removing, storing, and then re-infusing the athlete's own blood before a competition, or by using drugs like Erythropoietin (EPO).
The side effects of blood doping are severe and dangerous:
- Increased Blood Thickness: Increasing the number of red blood cells makes the blood thicker. The human heart is not designed to pump such thick blood, which places immense stress on the cardiovascular system.
- Increased Risk of Deadly Diseases: The thickened blood significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism (blockage of an artery).
- Autoimmune Diseases: The misuse of recombinant human EPO can also lead to the development of autoimmune diseases with serious long-term health consequences.
Q10I. Long Answer Questions
Why do athletes dope? Explain the side effects of prohibited substances.
Solution
Reasons Why Athletes Dope
Athletes resort to doping for various reasons, often driven by immense pressure to succeed in competitive sports. Some of the primary motivations are:
- To Enhance Physical Performance: The main reason is to improve strength, endurance, or speed to gain an edge over competitors.
- Pressure to Win: The constant pressure to win and stay at the top can lead athletes to seek an unfair advantage, even at the risk of their health and career.
- To Cope with Stress: Some drugs are used to help athletes relax, wind down, and cope with the stress associated with competition.
- To Boost Confidence: Doping can be used to boost self-esteem and confidence.
- To Mask Pain or Injury: Certain substances are taken to mask the pain from sports injuries, allowing athletes to continue training or competing.
- To Control Weight: Some drugs, like diuretics, are used to control and reduce weight quickly.
- To Hide Other Banned Substances: Masking agents are used to hide the presence of other banned drugs during testing.
Side Effects of Prohibited Substances
Prohibited substances have numerous harmful effects on the body. These include:
- Steroids: Can cause reduced sperm production, baldness, breast development in men, voice deepening in women, high blood pressure, heart attacks, liver and kidney damage, and increased aggression.
- Blood Doping: Leads to thickened blood, causing immense stress on the heart and increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and embolism.
- Narcotics: Highly addictive, can impair mental abilities, and sharing needles poses a risk of diseases like HIV/AIDS. Overdosing can be fatal.
- Stimulants: Can cause increased heart rate and blood pressure, anxiety, stroke, and sudden cardiac death.
- Lean Mass Builders: May lead to high cholesterol, heart attack, hypertension, liver and kidney damage, and hormonal imbalances.
- Diuretics: Can cause dehydration, dizziness, muscle cramps, and kidney failure.
- Masking Drugs: Can cause severe allergic reactions, nausea, and vomiting.
Q1II. Short Answer Questions
What is meant by safety measures?
Solution
Safety measures refer to the rules, steps, and precautions that are applied during games, sports training, and competitions to prevent injuries and ensure the security of children and athletes. These measures are designed to create a safe environment and involve the proper preparation of sports facilities, use of safe equipment, adherence to rules, and supervision by teachers, coaches, and trainers.
Q2II. Short Answer Questions
Why is the fabric of T-shirt important for athletes?
Solution
The fabric of a T-shirt is important for athletes because it affects their comfort and health. A fabric that absorbs and holds sweat can cause allergies and skin problems if it remains in contact with the body for a long duration. In a climate like India's, a light-colored fabric that does not absorb sweat is considered better as it helps keep the player comfortable and prevents skin issues.
Q3II. Short Answer Questions
Write two safety measures in relation to swimming pool.
Solution
Two important safety measures in relation to a swimming pool are:
- Swimming activities should be allowed only in the presence of trained lifeguards to ensure constant supervision and immediate help in case of an emergency.
- Life-saving devices such as long sticks, ropes, and lifesaving jackets should be readily available and easily accessible at the poolside.
Q4II. Short Answer Questions
Write two ways to prevent sports injury.
Solution
Two ways to prevent sports injury are:
- Proper Warming Up: Always perform a proper warm-up before any game or sports activity. Warming up enhances the body's reflexes and prepares the muscles for movement, significantly reducing the chances of injury.
- Using Proper Equipment: Ensure that all sports equipment, including safety gear and shoes, is in good condition and suitable for the specific sport. Damaged equipment should be repaired or replaced to avoid accidents.
Q5II. Short Answer Questions
Does cigarette smoking raise your status? If no, why?
Solution
No, cigarette smoking does not raise one's status. This is a false idea created by marketing campaigns from the tobacco industry, which link tobacco use with concepts like freedom, liberty, or prestige to lure young people. In reality, smoking is extremely harmful to health, causing various types of cancer, raising blood pressure, and damaging the lungs, which ultimately leads to a lower quality of life and is not a sign of high status.
Q6II. Short Answer Questions
Why tobacco use is deadly?
Solution
Tobacco use is deadly because it contains about 4000 harmful chemicals. The nicotine present in tobacco is highly addictive and raises blood pressure. Tar, a substance from burning tobacco, is similar to coal tar and severely damages the lungs. The carbon monoxide gas from smoke is highly poisonous. Continuous use of tobacco in any form, smoked or smokeless, is a direct cause of various cancers, most commonly lung and oral cancer.
Q7II. Short Answer Questions
What three things should you focus on when buying medicines?
Solution
When buying medicines, you should focus on the following three things:
- Doctor's Prescription: Purchase medicines only as per the prescription of a qualified doctor to ensure you are taking the correct drug for your ailment.
- Date of Manufacture and Expiry: Always check the label for the date of manufacture and the date of expiry to ensure the medicine is safe and effective to use.
- Authenticity: Do not fall for false advertisements for medicines that claim to help with weight loss or enhance cosmetic beauty without a doctor's advice. Always buy from a licensed chemist.
Q8II. Short Answer Questions
What are the categories of doping?
Solution
According to the text, the two principal categories of performance-enhancing substances considered as the main source of doping are:
- Dietary supplements: These are highly refined products that may not have any positive nutritional value.
- Injectable supplements: This category includes hormones (like testosterone) and drugs that alter the body's function.
Q1III. Multiple Choice Questions
Medicine should be purchased _____ .
(a)
as per prescription of the doctor
(b)
as advised by the chemist on the basis of our health problem
(c)
after observing the date of manufacture and the date of expiry
(d)
(a) and (c) both
Solution
(d) (a) and (c) both
Q2III. Multiple Choice Questions
Medicines should be consumed by the patient _____ .
(a)
as advised by the doctor
(b)
always after the meals
(c)
always before meals
(d)
whenever the patient feels like taking the medicine
Solution
(a) as advised by the doctor
Q3III. Multiple Choice Questions
Which type of surface is used in modern times to play Kabaddi that helps to prevent injury?
(a)
Synthetic surface
(b)
Mud ground
(c)
Grassy ground
(d)
Cinder surface
Solution
(a) Synthetic surface
Q4III. Multiple Choice Questions
How does warming up helps to prevent injury?
(a)
Warming up enhances reaction ability
(b)
Warming up prepares the player for making smooth movements
(c)
Proper warming up prepares and athletes mentally and physically for sports
(d)
All the above
Solution
(d) All the above
Q1IV. Match the Following
Nicotine which is present in tobacco leaf is also found in Used for making roads Tobacco use severely affects Can cause cancer Tar Insecticides Smoking Lungs
Solution
- Nicotine which is present in tobacco leaf is also found in - Insecticides
- Used for making roads - Tar
- Tobacco use severely affects - Lungs
- Can cause cancer - Smoking
Q1V. Projects
Make a table of the various medicines being taken by a sick family member.
Name of Medicine Dose Prescribed Timings Expiry date on the label of package Remarks
Solution
This project requires you to observe and record information about medicines being used by a family member. Here is how you should approach this task:
- Ask for Permission: First, ask the family member and their primary caregiver for permission to view the medicines and their prescriptions. Explain that it is for a school project on health and safety.
- Consult the Prescription: Look at the doctor's prescription to find the correct name of the medicine and the prescribed dosage.
- Fill the Table:
- Name of Medicine: Write the full brand name of the medicine as written on the package.
- Dose Prescribed: Note down the dosage instructions from the prescription (e.g., '500 mg', '1 tablet', '10 ml').
- Timings: Record when the medicine should be taken (e.g., 'Twice a day after meals', 'Once at bedtime').
- Expiry date on the label of package: Carefully check the medicine's package or strip for the expiry date and write it down.
- Remarks: In this column, you can add any special instructions mentioned by the doctor, such as 'Take with water only' or 'Store in the refrigerator'.
Example Entry:
| Name of Medicine | Dose Prescribed | Timings | Expiry date on the label of package | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paracetamol 500 | 1 tablet | Thrice a day after meals | 12/2025 | For fever and body ache. |
Q2V. Projects
You would have seen many women smoking beedi or cigarette. Some may even be pregnant. Discuss with two such women the harmful effects of tobacco use among women, especially the pregnant women.
Solution
This project requires a sensitive and respectful discussion. The goal is to share information, not to judge. Here is a guide on how to approach the discussion based on the chapter's content:
Preparation:
- Review the section 'Effect of tobacco abuse among women' in your textbook.
- Approach the women politely and at an appropriate time. You could start by saying you are a student working on a health education project.
Points to Discuss:
- General Health Risks: Mention that tobacco use is harmful to everyone, not just men. It can cause various cancers, including lung cancer and, specifically for women, cancer of the cervix.
- Infertility and Conception: Explain that women who smoke are more likely to experience infertility and have delays in conceiving compared to non-smokers.
- Risks During Pregnancy: This is the most critical point. Gently explain that smoking during pregnancy is very dangerous for the unborn baby. It increases the risks of:
- Premature delivery (the baby being born too early).
- Stillbirth (the baby dying in the womb).
- Infant death.
- Misleading Advertisements: You can mention how tobacco companies target women with misleading ads that link smoking to being slim or modern, while hiding the severe health risks.
Approach:
- Be empathetic and non-confrontational.
- Present the information as facts from health studies.
- The aim is to raise awareness about the specific dangers they and their children might face.
Q3V. Projects
You would have seen many small shops, including pan shops which sell cigarettes and pan masala products to the children. Do you know that sale of any tobacco products to children and sale of these items within 100 yards of any educational institution is banned? It is sometimes very difficult to remove these shops. Hold discussion with the Residents Welfare Association and Parent-Teacher forum to stop the sale of any tobacco product near your school.
Solution
This project involves civic action and community engagement. Here are the steps to hold a productive discussion with the Residents Welfare Association (RWA) and Parent-Teacher Association (PTA):
Step 1: Gather Information
- Confirm the law mentioned: The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003, prohibits the sale of tobacco products to anyone below the age of 18 and within a 100-yard radius of any educational institution.
- Document the evidence: Note down the names and locations of the shops near your school that are violating this law. If possible and safe, take pictures as evidence.
Step 2: Prepare for the Discussion
- Create a presentation or a list of talking points based on your textbook chapter. Highlight the health hazards of tobacco, especially for adolescents.
- Mention the marketing strategies used by tobacco companies to target youth.
Step 3: Conduct the Meeting
- Request a joint meeting with the RWA and PTA. Present your findings calmly and clearly.
- Explain the law and show the evidence of its violation near the school.
- Discuss the impact on students: Easy availability of tobacco products encourages initiation and addiction among children.
Step 4: Propose Actionable Solutions
- Suggest that the RWA and PTA jointly write a formal complaint to the local police or municipal authorities, citing the COTPA law.
- Propose putting up 'No Tobacco Sale' signages around the school premises.
- Suggest organizing awareness drives for both shopkeepers and the local community about the law and the health risks.
- The goal is to work together as a community to create a safer, tobacco-free environment for students.
Q4V. Projects
Discuss with your class teacher and students' committee as to what actions can be taken to make your school a tobacco-free zone.
Solution
To make your school a tobacco-free zone, a collaborative effort between students, teachers, and the school administration is needed. Here are some actions you can discuss and propose to your class teacher and students' committee:
1. Awareness and Education:
- Information Campaigns: Organize assemblies, poster-making competitions, and collage displays with messages against tobacco use. Use scary pictorial warnings as shown in the textbook to highlight the dangers.
- Role Plays and Skits: Plan and stage a role play on 'Say No to Tobacco' to effectively communicate the message to fellow students, as suggested in Activity 7.4.
- Guest Lectures: Invite doctors or health experts to talk about the health hazards of tobacco and substance abuse.
2. Policy and Enforcement:
- Declare a Tobacco-Free Zone: Officially declare the school campus and its 100-yard vicinity a 'Tobacco-Free Zone' with clear signages.
- Strict No-Tobacco Policy: Propose a strict school policy that prohibits students, staff, and visitors from using any tobacco products on the school premises.
- Monitoring: The students' committee can help in monitoring and reporting any violations to the school authorities.
3. Support System:
- Peer Support Groups: Form student groups or 'health clubs' that promote a healthy, tobacco-free lifestyle and support peers who may be struggling with peer pressure.
- Counseling: Ensure that students know they can approach the school counselor for confidential help and guidance regarding substance abuse without fear.
4. Community Engagement:
- Letter Campaign: Involve students in writing letters to local authorities about shops selling tobacco near the school, as mentioned in the previous project question.
By combining education, policy, and support, the school can create a strong and effective tobacco-free environment.