Understanding HealthClass 11 Health And Physical Education NCERT Solutions
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Q1I. Long Answer Questions
What are the common health needs of adolescents?
Solution
The common health needs of adolescents are multi-faceted, stemming from the physical, physiological, mental, and emotional changes they experience during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Based on the text, their key health needs include:
- Guidance and Information: Adolescents are often confused about the sudden changes in their bodies and minds. They have concerns about growth, development of body parts, and issues like acne. They need access to accurate information and counseling to understand these changes.
- Mental and Emotional Support: This period is critical for developing self-identity. Adolescents face tension and stress and need support to handle issues like independence, intimacy, and peer group dependence. They require help to cope with mental health challenges like stress, depression, and the pressures of social media, which can lead to self-harm.
- Nutritional Support: Adolescents face nutritional disorders, including both malnutrition and obesity. Their health needs include education on healthy eating and access to nutritious food.
- Prevention of Risky Behaviours: Adolescence is a time of experimentation. There is a need for guidance and support to avoid negative behaviours such as substance abuse (smoking, alcohol, drugs) and high-risk sexual behaviour. Early intervention is crucial as these habits can lead to addiction and serious diseases later in life.
- Adolescent-Friendly Health Services: They need access to healthcare services that are private, confidential, and delivered by sensitive and patient healthcare workers. Many are reluctant to use standard health services due to fear, shame, or lack of a friendly environment.
- Support for Injuries and Violence: Adolescents are vulnerable to injuries from road traffic accidents, suicides, and various forms of violence. They need a safe environment and support systems to address these risks.
Q2I. Long Answer Questions
List all the dimensions of health and explain the emotional and spiritual dimensions briefly.
Solution
Health is multidimensional, and all dimensions are interrelated. The six dimensions of health mentioned in the text are:
- Physical
- Mental
- Emotional
- Social
- Spiritual
- Environmental
Emotional Dimension:
This dimension refers to the ability to cope, adjust, and adapt to our environment. It involves having a positive mindset, which contributes to success. Emotional wellness is significantly influenced by one's immediate environment, including friends and family. A stable emotional health can be cultivated through techniques such as reading inspirational books, setting goals, learning to deal with setbacks, and acquiring positive characteristics like hope, enthusiasm, and positive thinking.
Spiritual Dimension:
This dimension relates to discovering and pursuing one's own values, beliefs, and a sense of overall purpose in life. People often find this purpose through a belief or faith system, while others may create their own. Having a purpose in life is linked to better health. Spiritual health affects emotional and mental health by helping individuals apply themselves to achieving goals and maintaining a proper perspective to overcome adversity. It can also improve social health, as people who are spiritual often meet together regularly around their shared purpose.
Q3I. Long Answer Questions
What are MDGs, and SDGs? How are these important for the world?
Solution
MDGs and SDGs are global goals set to address major developmental challenges.
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MDGs (Millennium Development Goals): The MDGs were a set of eight target-based, time-bound goals related to basic development issues. They were considered highly successful in focusing global attention and resources on these challenges. Three of the eight goals were directly related to health, stressing the importance of global health challenges like child and maternal mortality and communicable diseases.
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SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals): Also known as 'Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development', the SDGs are a set of 17 Global Goals with 169 targets. They carry forward the unfinished agenda of the MDGs, aiming to sustain the momentum generated while also addressing new challenges like inclusiveness, equity, and urbanization.
Importance for the world:
These goals are important because they provide a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet.
- Global Collaboration: They unite countries, organizations, and individuals worldwide to work towards common objectives, fostering international cooperation.
- Focus on Key Issues: They highlight the most critical challenges facing humanity, such as poverty, health, education, inequality, and climate change, and direct global resources and efforts towards solving them.
- Measurable Progress: By setting specific targets and deadlines, they allow the world to track progress and hold governments and institutions accountable. For example, SDG3 aims for 'universal health coverage,' a much broader goal than the MDGs, ensuring access to quality health services for all without financial hardship.
Q4I. Long Answer Questions
What are the benefits of engaging in regular physical activity to the adolescents and the young?
Solution
Engaging in regular physical activity offers numerous benefits for the physical and mental health of adolescents and young people. The key benefits mentioned in the text are:
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Improved Physical Health: Physical activity is fundamental for energy balance and weight control. It helps in the maintenance and improvement of the functioning of body organs by providing essential stimuli for their development. Regular activity reduces the risk for major lifestyle diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer.
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Better Health Markers: It improves the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is considered 'good' cholesterol. It also helps in controlling blood glucose levels, even without significant weight loss.
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Reduced Mortality Risk: People with insufficient physical activity have a 20-30 percent increased risk in all-cause mortality compared to those who engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity weekly.
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Enhanced Mental and Psychological Well-being: Physical and mental health are inseparable. Being physically fit and feeling well often leads to psychological benefits such as enhanced self-esteem, self-control, determination, and a sense of direction. Engaging in games and sports regularly keeps one mentally active.
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Development of Healthy Habits: Establishing a routine of regular physical activity during childhood and adolescence helps in developing lifelong healthy behaviours, which is easier than trying to change unhealthy habits in adulthood.
Q5I. Long Answer Questions
Explain the physical and mental dimensions of health.
Solution
Physical Dimension of Health:
The physical dimension of health refers to the ability of the human body to function properly. It is the most commonly understood aspect of health and involves maintaining a state where the body is free from disease and undue fatigue. Key components of physical health include:
- Healthy Habits: This involves regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and alcohol.
- Body Composition: It encompasses factors like bone health and maintaining a healthy body mass index (BMI).
- Physical Fitness: Optimal physical health includes building physical strength, flexibility, coordinative ability, and endurance.
- Personal Responsibility: It also involves responsible self-care, such as disease prevention, caring for minor illnesses, and knowing when to seek professional medical attention.
Achieving physical wellness allows an individual to get through daily activities without physical stress and often leads to psychological benefits like enhanced self-esteem.
Mental Dimension of Health:
Mental health refers to the cognitive aspects of health, as contrasted with emotional processes. It is the ability to use one's brain to think, process information, reason, and act properly. Key components of mental health include:
- Cognitive Abilities: This includes processes like thinking, reasoning, remembering, imagining, and learning.
- Skill Acquisition: It is the capacity to master new skills, embrace humour, and be creative.
- Problem Solving: A sound mental health enables individuals to engage in critical questioning and problem-solving activities.
- Influence on Daily Life: Mental health plays a crucial role in shaping daily activities and helps in making a complete person. Good mental health boosts self-esteem, which in turn leads to confidence in social situations. The text emphasizes that mental health is strongly linked to physical activity, as engaging in games and sports helps keep one mentally active.
Q6I. Long Answer Questions
How can we get good mental health? Explain.
Solution
According to the text, we can achieve and maintain good mental health through several practical lifestyle choices and habits. These are:
- Eat Healthy Food: There is a strong connection between diet and mood. A healthy diet, containing essential nutrients and the right amount of calories, is crucial for feeling well mentally.
- Express Your Feelings: Talking about feelings, especially during times of stress, is an effective way to maintain good mental health and prevent feelings from becoming overwhelming.
- Play Games and Sports You Like: Engaging in an activity that you enjoy and are good at, such as hockey, cricket, or chess, boosts self-esteem. Physical activity helps improve concentration, sleep, and overall well-being, and is an excellent way to beat stress.
- Get Enough Sleep: The body needs adequate time to rest and heal. About eight hours of sleep per day is essential for everyone, particularly for children and adolescents, to maintain good mental function.
- Spend Time with Friends and Family: Strong social connections are vital. Friends and family provide a sense of being cared for and can offer different perspectives on problems, which helps in understanding and solving them.
- Ask for Help: It is important to recognize that no one is perfect and everyone faces challenges. When things become too much to handle, one should not hesitate to ask for help from trusted individuals or professionals.
- Do Not Consume Tobacco Products or Alcohol: These substances are harmful and can lead to illness. Learning to say 'No' to peer pressure in such situations is a key part of protecting one's mental and physical health.
Q1II. Short Answer Questions
List some reasons due to which the adolescents do not utilise health services.
Solution
Adolescents are often reluctant to use health services for several reasons. The primary reasons mentioned in the text are:
- Lack of Privacy or Confidentiality: They fear that their personal health concerns might not be kept private.
- Lack of Patience and Sensitivity: They may perceive health workers as being impatient or insensitive to their specific needs and concerns.
- Lack of Friendly Behaviour: A clinical and unfriendly environment can be intimidating, preventing them from feeling comfortable enough to seek help.
- Fear, Shame, or Shyness: They often feel scared, ashamed, or shy to discuss their problems with adults, including parents, teachers, and even healthcare workers, believing they will be judged or misunderstood.
Q2II. Short Answer Questions
List important signs of stress and tension among the adolescents.
Solution
The text indicates that adolescents experience tension and stress due to the rapid changes they undergo. While it does not provide a specific list of 'signs', it describes behaviours and feelings that reflect this stress:
- Confusion: They are often confused about the sudden physical and mental changes happening to them.
- Worrying: They commonly worry about their physical appearance, such as gaining height or having pimples.
- Indulgence in Negative Behaviours: As a way to cope with stress or due to temptation, they may indulge in negative behaviours like substance abuse.
- Distancing from Parents: A common response to their confusion and need for independence is to distance themselves from parents while increasing dependence on peers.
- Depression and Self-harm: Addiction to the internet and social media can lead to significant stress, resulting in severe mental health issues like depression and self-harm.
Q3II. Short Answer Questions
What are the causes of lifestyle diseases?
Solution
The text identifies the primary causes of lifestyle diseases as behaviours and habits related to modern living. The main causes mentioned are:
- Lack of Physical Activity: Low levels of physical activity are cited as one of the greatest public health problems and a direct cause of many lifestyle diseases. Insufficient activity leads to the deterioration of essential body functions.
- Poor Eating Habits: Unhealthy dietary choices, such as consuming junk food, contribute significantly to lifestyle disorders. These habits, often established in childhood, can have adverse effects that need to be prevented or reversed.
Q4II. Short Answer Questions
What are the benefits of setting positive health goals?
Solution
Setting positive health goals offers significant benefits for achieving a healthy lifestyle. The text highlights two main advantages:
- Motivation and Enthusiasm: Positive goals, such as 'I will eat healthy food', keep us motivated to follow them with energy and enthusiasm. This approach trains the mind for a healthy lifestyle, unlike negative goals like 'I will skip dinner daily'.
- Reinforcement of Positive Behaviours: Goals like 'I will firmly say NO to Tobacco use' help to reinforce and strengthen positive behaviours in the long term, making them a sustainable part of one's lifestyle.
Q5II. Short Answer Questions
How much population of India is disabled currently?
Solution
According to the 'Do You Know?' box in the chapter, which cites the Census 2011, about 2.21 per cent of the total population of India is 'disabled'.
Q1III. Fill in the Blanks
Health is commonly understood as a state of absence of _____ .
Solution
disease
Q2III. Fill in the Blanks
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) helped in focusing global attention and resources towards basic _____ issues.
Solution
development
Q3III. Fill in the Blanks
Health indicates a sound _____ , and sound _____。
Solution
body, mind
Q4III. Fill in the Blanks
_____ of health refers to the ability of individuals to interact with others in the socio-cultural environment.
Solution
Social dimension
Q5III. Fill in the Blanks
Health of the children is a critical concern for all societies, since it contributes to their _____。
Solution
overall development
Q6III. Fill in the Blanks
Schools play a vital role in promoting the health and safety of young people and helping them to establish lifelong _____ .
Solution
healthy behaviours
Q7III. Fill in the Blanks
_____ is a key determinant of energy expenditure, energy balance, and weight control.
Solution
Physical activity
Q8III. Fill in the Blanks
The SDGs, known as "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development' is a set of _____ Global Goals with _____ targets between them.
Solution
17, 169
Q1IV. State whether True or False
Health is influenced by biological, socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors.
Solution
True
Q2IV. State whether True or False
Lifestyle diseases are-Typhoid, Malaria, and Tuberculosis.
Solution
False
Q3IV. State whether True or False
Mental health refers to the cognitive aspects of health that includes thinking, reasoning, remembering, imagining, and learning words.
Solution
True
Q4IV. State whether True or False
Childhood is the stage during which the foundation of healthy life is laid.
Solution
True
Q5IV. State whether True or False
Physical health and mental health are separable.
Solution
False
Q6IV. State whether True or False
Not everyone wants to look good and healthy.
Solution
False
Q1V. Skill based Questions
Find out the status of anaemia among the boys and girls in your State. What schemes have been developed by your State and the Government of India to tackle anaemia?
Solution
The provided text offers national-level data on anaemia from 2015-16, which can serve as a starting point. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), at an all-India level, 59% of children aged 6-59 months had some form of anaemia (28% mild, 29% moderate, 2% severe). The prevalence varies significantly by state, with the highest being in Haryana (72%) and the lowest in Mizoram (19%). To find the specific status for your state, you would need to consult the latest NFHS report or state health department data. The text does not list specific government schemes, so research on programs like the Anemia Mukt Bharat strategy would be required to fully answer the question.
Q2V. Skill based Questions
You have read about healthy diet in previous classes. Make a diet chart for an adolescent boy in the age group of 14-17 years.
Solution
The provided text defines a 'healthy diet' as one that "has enough essential nutrient, and provides the right amount of calories to maintain a healthy weight." However, it does not provide specific food groups, portion sizes, or meal plans needed to create a detailed diet chart. Based on this definition and general knowledge encouraged by the curriculum, a diet chart for a 14-17 year old boy should be built around these principles:
- Breakfast: Energy-rich foods like whole-grain cereal with milk, eggs, or stuffed parathas to start the day.
- Lunch: A balanced meal with carbohydrates (roti/rice), protein (dal/legumes, chicken/fish), vegetables, and a side of curd/yogurt.
- Snacks: Healthy options like fruits, nuts, or sprouts instead of junk food.
- Dinner: A lighter meal similar to lunch, but easily digestible. For example, khichdi with vegetables or roti with a seasonal vegetable curry.
- Hydration: Plenty of water throughout the day, avoiding sugary drinks. This chart should be customized based on activity level, dietary preferences, and specific nutritional needs.
Q3V. Skill based Questions
Make a project on lifestyle diseases. What are the major lifestyle diseases? Discuss how one can prevent the lifestyle diseases.
Solution
A project on lifestyle diseases, based on the provided text, would focus on their causes and prevention.
Major Lifestyle Diseases: The text does not list specific lifestyle diseases, but common examples include obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (like high blood pressure), and certain types of cancer. These are diseases primarily caused by daily habits and environment rather than infectious agents.
Causes (as per the text):
- Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle is identified as a major public health problem and a key contributor.
- Poor Eating Habits: An unhealthy diet, including junk food, is a primary cause.
- Substance Misuse: Use of tobacco and alcohol.
- Stress: High levels of stress can contribute to unhealthy behaviours and directly impact health.
Prevention (as per the text):
- Regular Physical Activity: Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week for adults.
- Healthy Diet: Making conscious choices to eat healthy foods and avoiding junk food.
- Avoiding Harmful Habits: Saying 'No' to tobacco and alcohol.
- Setting Positive Health Goals: Creating realistic and positive goals (like 'I will eat healthy food') to build and maintain healthy habits.
Q4V. Skill based Questions
Find out the desired minimum levels of physical activities for children, adolescents, and adults in different age groups.
Solution
The text provides specific WHO recommendations for minimum levels of physical activity for different age groups:
For Children and Adolescents (aged 5-17 years):
- Should do at least 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily.
- Activities lasting more than 60 minutes daily provide additional health benefits.
- Should include activities that strengthen muscle and bone at least three times a week.
For Adults (aged 18-64 years):
- Should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week.
- OR do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity throughout the week.
- OR an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.
- For additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or an equivalent.
- Muscle-strengthening activities involving major muscle groups should be done on two or more days a week.