Key Points

Textiles are built in stages. Fibres are the basic hair-like structures, which are spun into continuous strands called yarns, and yarns are then woven or knitted to create fabrics.

The most essential property of a fibre is its spinnability. This is its ability to be converted into yarn and depends on length, strength, flexibility, and surface structure.

Textile fibres are broadly classified based on their origin into two main groups: natural fibres and manufactured (man-made) fibres.

Natural cellulosic fibres originate from plants. They include seed hair like cotton, bast fibres from stems like linen and jute, and leaf fibres like pineapple.

Natural protein fibres are derived from animal sources. They include animal hair like wool and animal secretions like silk.

Manufactured fibres are created by converting solid raw materials into a liquid spinning solution. This solution is then forced through a spinnerette to form fine filaments that harden.

Manufactured fibres include regenerated cellulosic fibres like Rayon and synthetic fibres made from chemicals like Nylon, Polyester, and Acrylic.

Yarn processing, known as spinning, converts staple fibres into yarn. The key stages are cleaning, carding (straightening fibres), drawing out, and twisting.

Yarn number indicates its fineness, where a higher number means a finer yarn. Yarn twist, measured in twists per inch (t.p.i.), holds the fibres together and affects the fabric's texture.

Weaving is the interlacing of two sets of yarns, the warp (lengthwise) and the weft (widthwise), at right angles on a machine called a loom.

Knitting is the process of creating fabric by interlooping one or more sets of yarns. Knitted fabrics are known for their elasticity and are suitable for fitted garments.

Finishing refers to any treatment applied to a fabric after production to change its appearance, texture, or performance. Examples include dyeing, printing, and applying treatments like water repellency or flame retardancy.

Cotton is a natural cellulosic fibre known for its good moisture absorbency, making it comfortable for summer use. It is a staple fibre, resulting in a slightly rough and dull fabric.

Wool is a natural protein fibre from sheep hair, characterized by a natural crimp that gives it elasticity and resilience. It can absorb a large amount of water without feeling wet.

Silk is a natural protein filament fibre produced by silkworms. It is one of the stronger natural fibres and is known for its high lustre, smoothness, and fine texture.

Rayon is a manufactured cellulosic fibre made from wood pulp. It has an appearance like silk but possesses properties similar to cotton, though with lower strength.

Nylon was the first true synthetic fibre, known for its very good strength, abrasion resistance, and high elasticity. It is commonly used for hosiery, carpets, and undergarments.

Polyester is a synthetic fibre highly valued for its excellent wrinkle resistance. It has very low moisture absorption and is often blended with cotton or wool.

Acrylic is a synthetic fibre that closely resembles wool in appearance and feel, often called Cashmilon. It is a cheaper substitute for wool and is used in sweaters, blankets, and children's wear.