Question 1

Q1: Define the following: (a) Exocrine gland (b) Endocrine gland (c) Hormone

Accepted Answer

(a) Exocrine gland: These are glands that have ducts through which they release their secretions to a specific location. For example, the exocrine part of the pancreas releases digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract. (b) Endocrine gland: As stated in the text, "Endocrine glands lack ducts...

Question 2

Q2: Diagrammatically indicate the location of the various endocrine glands in our body.

Accepted Answer

To see the diagrammatic representation of the locations of endocrine glands, please refer to Figure 19.1 in the provided textbook chapter. The locations are as follows:    In the brain: Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, and Pineal gland.    In the neck region: Thyroid gland and Parathyroid glands (on t...

Question 3

Q3: List the hormones secreted by the following: (a) Hypothalamus (b) Pituitary (c) Thyroid (d) Parathyroid (e) Adrenal (f) Pancreas (g) Testis (h) Ovary...

Accepted Answer

The hormones secreted by the following are: (a) Hypothalamus:        Releasing hormones (e.g., Gonadotrophin releasing hormone - GnRH)        Inhibiting hormones (e.g., Somatostatin)        It also synthesizes Oxytocin and Vasopressin, which are released by the pituitary. (b) Pituitary:        Anter...

Question 4

Q4: Fill in the blanks: Hormones (a) Hypothalamic hormones (b) Thyrotrophin (TSH) (c) Corticotrophin (ACTH) (d) Gonadotrophins (LH, FSH) (e) Melanotrophin...

Accepted Answer

Hormones		Target gland (a) Hypothalamic hormones		Pituitary gland (b) Thyrotrophin (TSH)		Thyroid gland (c) Corticotrophin (ACTH)		Adrenal cortex (d) Gonadotrophins (LH, FSH)		Gonads (Testis and Ovary) (e) Melanotrophin (MSH)		Melanocytes (in skin)

Question 5

Q5: Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones: (a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (b) Thyroid hormones (c) Thymosins (d) Androgens (e) Estro...

Accepted Answer

(a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH): PTH is a hypercalcemic hormone, meaning it increases the blood calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) levels. It acts on bones to stimulate bone resorption (demineralisation), on renal tubules to stimulate reabsorption of $Ca^{2+}$, and increases $Ca^{2+}$ absorption from digested food....

Question 6

Q6: Give example(s) of: (a) Hyperglycemic hormone and hypoglycemic hormone (b) Hypercalcemic hormone (c) Gonadotrophic hormones (d) Progestational hormone...

Accepted Answer

(a) Hyperglycemic hormone: Glucagon. Hypoglycemic hormone: Insulin. (b) Hypercalcemic hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH). (c) Gonadotrophic hormones: Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (d) Progestational hormone: Progesterone. (e) Blood pressure lowering hormone: Atrial...

Question 7

Q7: Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following: (a) Diabetes mellitus (b) Goitre (c) Cretinism

Accepted Answer

(a) Diabetes mellitus: This disorder is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, which results from a deficiency of insulin or from insulin resistance. (b) Goitre: This is caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet, which leads to hypothyroidism (deficient synthesis of thyroid hormones) and enlargement...

Question 8

Q8: Briefly mention the mechanism of action of FSH.

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a protein hormone. Its mechanism of action involves binding to a specific receptor on the cell membrane of its target cells (e.g., cells of ovarian follicles). This mechanism can be described in the following steps: 1.  Binding to Receptor: FSH, being a protein...

Question 9

Q9: Match the following: Column I (a) $T_4$ (b) PTH (c) GnRH (d) LH Column II (i) Hypothalamus (ii) Thyroid (iii) Pituitary (iv) Parathyroid

Accepted Answer

The correct matches are as follows:    (a) $T_4$ is tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine), a hormone secreted by the (ii) Thyroid gland.    (b) PTH is Parathyroid Hormone, secreted by the (iv) Parathyroid gland.    (c) GnRH is Gonadotrophin releasing hormone, secreted by the (i) Hypothalamus.    (d) LH is...

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