Primary ActivitiesClass 12 Fundamentals of Human Geography NCERT Solutions
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Q1EXERCISES
(i) Which one of the following is not a plantation crop?
(a)
Coffee
(b)
Sugarcane
(c)
Wheat
(d)
Rubber
Solution
(c) Wheat
Explanation: According to the chapter, plantation agriculture includes crops like tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, bananas, and pineapples. Wheat is classified under extensive commercial grain cultivation.
Q2EXERCISES
(ii) In which one of the following countries co-operative farming was the most successful experiment?
(a)
Russia
(b)
Denmark
(c)
India
(d)
The Netherlands
Solution
(b) Denmark
Explanation: The textbook states that the co-operative movement has been highly successful in many western European countries, and specifically mentions, "In Denmark, the movement has been so successful that practically every farmer is a member of a co-operative."
Q3EXERCISES
(iii) Growing of flowers is called:
(a)
Truck farming
(b)
Factory farming
(c)
Mixed farming
(d)
Floriculture
Solution
(d) Floriculture
Explanation: The chapter discusses market gardening and horticulture, which specialize in high-value crops including flowers. The specialized cultivation of flowers is known as floriculture. The text gives the example of the Netherlands, which specializes in growing flowers like tulips.
Q4EXERCISES
(iv) Which one of the following types of cultivation was developed by European colonists?
(a)
Kolkoz
(b)
Viticulture
(c)
Mixed farming
(d)
Plantation
Solution
(d) Plantation
Explanation: The chapter explicitly states that "Plantation agriculture as mentioned above was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in the tropics." Kolkhoz was a form of collective farming in the Soviet Union.
Q5EXERCISES
(v) In which one of the following regions is extensive commercial grain cultivation not practised?
(a)
American Canadian prairies
(b)
European Steppes
(c)
Pampas of Argentina
(d)
Amazon Basin
Solution
(d) Amazon Basin
Explanation: The text identifies the major regions for extensive commercial grain cultivation as the Eurasian steppes, Canadian and American Prairies, Pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Australian Downs, and Canterbury Plains of New Zealand. The Amazon Basin is associated with subsistence gathering and primitive subsistence agriculture.
Q6EXERCISES
(vi) In which of the following types of agriculture is the farming of citrus fruit very important?
(a)
Market gardening
(b)
Plantation agriculture
(c)
Mediterranean agriculture
(d)
Co-operative farming
Solution
(c) Mediterranean agriculture
Explanation: The section on Mediterranean agriculture highlights that this region is a significant supplier of citrus fruits. It also mentions that viticulture (grape cultivation) is a specialty of this region.
Q7EXERCISES
(vii) Which one type of agriculture amongst the following is also called 'slash and burn agriculture'?
(a)
Extensive subsistence agriculture
(b)
Primitive subsistence agriculture
(c)
Extensive commercial grain cultivation
(d)
Mixed farming
Solution
(b) Primitive subsistence agriculture
Explanation: The chapter describes primitive subsistence agriculture, also known as shifting cultivation, where vegetation is cleared by fire to add fertility to the soil. It states, "Shifting cultivation is thus, also called slash and burn agriculture."
Q8EXERCISES
(viii) Which one of the following does not follow monoculture?
(a)
Dairy farming
(b)
Mixed farming
(c)
Plantation agriculture
(d)
Commercial grain farming
Solution
(b) Mixed farming
Explanation: Monoculture is the practice of growing a single crop or rearing a single type of animal. Mixed farming is characterized by the cultivation of multiple crops (like wheat, barley, fodder) and animal husbandry (cattle, sheep, pigs), making it the opposite of monoculture. Plantation agriculture and commercial grain farming often practice single-crop specialization.
Q9EXERCISES
Answer the following questions in about 30 words. (i) Future of shifting cultivation is bleak. Discuss.
Solution
The future of shifting cultivation is considered bleak because it leads to significant deforestation and soil erosion. With increasing population pressure, the fallow period for land to regain its fertility is reduced, making this agricultural practice unsustainable and ecologically damaging in the long run.
Q10EXERCISES
(ii) Market gardening is practised near urban areas. Why?
Solution
Market gardening is practised near urban areas to serve the large city markets. It specializes in high-value, perishable goods like vegetables, fruits, and flowers. Proximity to cities ensures quick transport, reduces transportation costs, and provides fresh produce to high-income urban consumers.
Q11EXERCISES
(iii) Large scale dairy farming is the result of the development of transportation and refrigeration.
Solution
Large-scale dairy farming has expanded significantly due to advancements in transportation and refrigeration. Fast and efficient transport systems allow perishable milk and dairy products to be moved quickly over long distances. Refrigeration, pasteurization, and other preservation methods have increased the storage life of these products, enabling them to reach distant markets.
Q12EXERCISES
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words. (i) Differentiate between Nomadic Herding and Commercial Livestock Rearing.
Solution
Nomadic herding and commercial livestock rearing are two distinct forms of animal rearing. The key differences are as follows:
- Purpose: Nomadic herding is a primitive subsistence activity where herders depend on animals for food, clothing, and transport for their own families. In contrast, commercial livestock rearing is an organized, market-oriented activity aimed at selling animal products like meat, wool, and hides for profit.
- Method: Nomadic herders move from one place to another with their livestock in search of pastures and water. Commercial livestock rearing is practiced on permanent, large ranches which are scientifically managed and fenced to regulate grazing.
- Capital and Technology: Nomadic herding involves very low capital investment and uses traditional knowledge. Commercial rearing is highly capital-intensive, employing modern technology for breeding, disease control, and processing.
- Specialization: Nomadic herders typically rear a variety of animals, such as sheep, goats, and camels. Commercial rearing is a specialized activity, focusing on only one type of animal, like cattle or sheep.
Q13EXERCISES
(ii) Discuss the important characteristic features of plantation agriculture. Name a few important plantation crops from different countries.
Solution
Plantation agriculture is a large-scale, commercial farming system introduced by Europeans in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Its main characteristic features are:
- Large Estates: It is practiced on very large farms or estates, sometimes covering thousands of hectares.
- Capital Intensive: It requires significant capital investment in infrastructure, machinery, and technology.
- Monoculture: It specializes in the cultivation of a single crop, such as tea, coffee, or rubber.
- Scientific Methods: It uses scientific methods of cultivation, including high-quality seeds, fertilizers, and pest control.
- Labor: It often relies on cheap labor and has a well-defined management and technical support system.
- Export-Oriented: The produce is primarily grown for export to world markets, supported by well-developed transportation networks.
Some important plantation crops from different countries include:
- Tea: India and Sri Lanka (established by the British).
- Coffee: Brazil (in 'fazendas') and West Africa (by the French).
- Rubber: Malaysia (by the British).
- Sugarcane: West Indies (by the British) and Indonesia (by the Dutch).
- Cocoa: West Africa (by the French).