Tertiary and Quaternary ActivitiesClass 12 Fundamentals of Human Geography NCERT Solutions
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Q1EXERCISES
(v) Which one of the following activities is related to quaternary sector?
(a)
Manufacturing computers
(b)
Paper and Raw pulp production
(c)
University teaching
(d)
Printing books
Solution
Answer: (c) University teaching
Explanation: The quaternary sector is knowledge-oriented. The chapter explicitly states that personnel working in elementary schools and university classrooms belong to this category of services. Manufacturing computers, paper production, and printing books are all secondary activities involving production and processing.
Q1EXERCISES
(ii) Which one of the following activities is NOT a secondary sector activity?
(a)
Iron Smelting
(b)
Catching fish
(c)
Making garments
(d)
Basket Weaving
Solution
Answer: (b) Catching fish
Explanation: Secondary activities involve the processing of raw materials. Iron smelting, making garments, and basket weaving are all examples of processing raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods. Catching fish is a primary activity, as it involves the extraction of a natural resource directly from the environment.
Q1EXERCISES
(iii) Which one of the following sectors provides most of the employment in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
(a)
Primary
(b)
Quaternary
(c)
Secondary
(d)
Service
Solution
Answer: (d) Service
Explanation: The chapter states that in a developed economy, the majority of workers are employed in the tertiary (service) sector. Major metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata are hubs of economic activity with a high concentration of services such as trade, transport, banking, education, and healthcare. Therefore, the service sector provides the most employment in these cities.
Q1EXERCISES
(i) Which one of the following is a tertiary activity?
(a)
Farming
(b)
Trading
(c)
Weaving
(d)
Hunting
Solution
Answer: (b) Trading
Explanation: According to the chapter, tertiary activities include both production (of services) and exchange. Exchange involves trade, transport, and communication facilities. Farming and hunting are primary activities, while weaving is a secondary activity. Therefore, trading is a tertiary activity.
Q1EXERCISES
(iv) Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as:
(a)
Secondary activities
(b)
Quaternary activities
(c)
Quinary activities
(d)
Primary activities
Solution
Answer: (c) Quinary activities
Explanation: The text defines quinary activities as services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement, and interpretation of new and existing ideas, data interpretation, and the use and evaluation of new technologies. These are performed by the highest level of decision-makers and policymakers, often referred to as 'gold collar' professions, which involve a high degree of innovation.
Q1EXERCISES
(vi) Which one out of the following statements is not true?
(a)
Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency.
(b)
At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced.
(c)
BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
(d)
There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource the job.
Solution
Answer: (c) BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
Explanation: This statement is not true. The chapter describes the Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO) industry as distinct from Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) because it involves highly skilled workers and is information-driven. It states that KPO enables companies to create additional business opportunities. This implies that KPOs represent a more advanced and opportunity-rich sector than BPOs.
Q2EXERCISES
(i) Explain retail trading service.
Solution
Retail trading is a business service concerned with the sale of goods directly to consumers for their personal use. This can occur in fixed establishments like stores and shops, or through non-store methods such as street peddling, mail-order, telephone, and the internet.
Q2EXERCISES
(iii) Name the fast emerging countries of medical tourism in the world.
Solution
According to the chapter, the fast-emerging countries of medical tourism in the world include India, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia. India, in particular, has emerged as a leading country in this sector.
Q2EXERCISES
(iv) What is digital divide?
Solution
The digital divide refers to the uneven distribution of opportunities emerging from Information and Communication Technology (ICT) across the globe. Developed countries have generally advanced in providing ICT access to their citizens, while developing countries have lagged behind. This gap also exists within countries, for example, between urban and rural areas.
Q2EXERCISES
(ii) Describe quaternary services.
Solution
Quaternary services are an advanced form of services centered around the collection, production, and dissemination of information. They are knowledge-oriented and involve specialised knowledge, research, development, and technical skills. Examples include the work of software developers, statisticians, university teachers, and tax consultants.
Q3EXERCISES
(i) Discuss the significance and growth of the service sector in modern economic development.
Solution
The service sector, which encompasses tertiary, quaternary, and quinary activities, holds immense significance in modern economic development. Its growth is a key indicator of a country's shift from a developing to a developed economy.
Significance:
- Employment Generation: The service sector is a major employer, especially in developed economies. It relies on manpower, including skilled labour, professionally trained experts, and consultants.
- Economic Contribution: Unlike the primary and secondary sectors that produce tangible goods, the service sector's output is measured in terms of wages and salaries, contributing significantly to the GDP. For example, tourism alone accounts for 40% of total GDP in terms of revenue.
- Support for Other Sectors: Services like transport, communication, trade, and finance are crucial for the smooth functioning and growth of the primary and secondary sectors.
Growth:
There has been a clear trend of increasing employment in the service sector globally. In the initial stages of economic development, most people work in the primary sector. As an economy matures, the workforce shifts to the secondary and then predominantly to the tertiary sector. In developed nations, the majority of the workforce is engaged in services, while employment in primary and secondary activities has either decreased or remained stagnant. This growth reflects the rising demand for professional skills, education, health, and recreation in modern societies.
Q3EXERCISES
(ii) Explain in detail the significance of transport and communication services.
Solution
Transport and communication services are fundamental components of the tertiary sector and are often called the lifelines of a modern economy due to their critical role in connecting people, places, and markets.
Significance of Transport:
Transport is the service that facilitates the physical movement of people, materials, and manufactured goods. Its significance lies in:
- Economic Linkage: It is essential for the entire economic cycle, from assisting in the production of goods by moving raw materials to enabling their distribution and consumption by connecting producers to consumers.
- Value Addition: At every stage, transportation significantly enhances the value of a material or product. An efficient transport system reduces the cost-distance and time-distance between locations.
- Network Formation: As transport systems develop, they link different places together to form a network of nodes and links, increasing accessibility and fostering regional development.
Significance of Communication:
Communication services involve the transmission of information, ideas, and messages. Their significance includes:
- Information Dissemination: Historically dependent on transport, modern communication technologies like mobile telephony and satellites have made the dissemination of information instantaneous and independent of physical travel.
- Global Connectivity: The internet has revolutionised the global communication system, allowing for the rapid exchange of data and ideas across the world. This has facilitated outsourcing and the growth of the knowledge economy.
- Mass Media: Services like radio and television serve as vital tools for relaying news, advertising, and entertainment to vast audiences, shaping culture and commerce.
Together, efficient transport and communication systems overcome the barrier of distance, foster trade, and are indispensable for global economic integration and social interaction.