Transport and CommunicationClass 12 Fundamentals of Human Geography NCERT Solutions
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Q1EXERCISES
(v) Which one pair of the following places is linked by Channel Tunnel?
(a)
London - Berlin
(b)
Paris - London
(c)
Berlin - Paris
(d)
Barcelona - Berlin
Solution
(b) Paris - London
Explanation: In the section on European railways, the chapter mentions, "Channel Tunnel, operated by Euro Tunnel Group through England, connects London with Paris."
Q1EXERCISES
(iv) The Big Inch pipeline transports
(a)
Milk
(b)
Liquid petroleum gas (LGP)
(c)
Water
(d)
Petroleum
Solution
(d) Petroleum
Explanation: The text states, "Big Inch is one such famous pipeline, which carries petroleum from the oil wells of the Gulf of Mexico to the North-eastern States."
Q1EXERCISES
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. (i) The Trans-Continental Stuart Highway runs between
(a)
Darwin and Melbourne
(b)
Edmonton and Anchorage
(c)
Vancouver and St. John's City
(d)
Chengdu and Lhasa
Solution
(a) Darwin and Melbourne
Explanation: The chapter states, "The TransContinental Stuart Highway connects Darwin (north coast) and Melbourne via Tennant Creek and Alice Springs in Australia."
Q1EXERCISES
(iii) The Big Trunk Route runs through
(a)
The Mediterranean - Indian ocean
(b)
The North Atlantic Ocean
(c)
The South Atlantic Ocean
(d)
The North Pacific Ocean
Solution
(b) The North Atlantic Ocean
Explanation: The chapter describes The Northern Atlantic Sea Route as the busiest in the world and specifies that it is "otherwise, called the Big Trunk Route."
Q1EXERCISES
(ii) Which country has the highest density of railway network?
(a)
Brazil
(b)
U.S.A
(c)
Canada
(d)
Russia
Solution
(b) U.S.A
Explanation: While the text mentions that Belgium has the highest railway density in the world, it is not an option. Among the given choices, the text provides the strongest case for the U.S.A. It states that North America has one of the most extensive rail networks, and "The most dense rail network is found in the highly industrialised and urbanised region of East Central U.S.A. and adjoining Canada."
Q2EXERCISES
(ii) What is a trans-continental railway?
Solution
A trans-continental railway is a railway line that runs across an entire continent, linking its two ends. These railways were constructed for both economic and political reasons, aiming to facilitate long-distance transport in different directions and integrate vast territories. An example is the Trans-Siberian Railway, which runs from St. Petersburg in western Russia to Vladivostok on the Pacific Coast.
Q2EXERCISES
(iii) What are the advantages of water transport?
Solution
Water transport has several significant advantages:
- Low Cost: It is much cheaper than other modes of transport because the friction of water is far less than that of land, resulting in lower energy costs. It is especially economical for carrying bulky materials over long distances.
- No Route Construction: Oceans and seas are natural highways that are linked to each other. They do not require the heavy expenditure associated with the construction and maintenance of road or rail tracks.
- High Capacity: Ships and barges can carry very large volumes of heavy cargo like coal, ore, and grain, which is not feasible for other modes of transport.
Q2EXERCISES
(i) What are the problems of road transport in mountainous, desert and flood prone regions?
Solution
Road transport faces significant challenges in mountainous, desert, and flood-prone regions.
- Mountainous Regions: Construction of roads is difficult and expensive due to the steep slopes and rugged terrain. These areas are also prone to landslides and heavy snowfall, which can damage roads and block traffic for extended periods.
- Desert Regions: The vast stretches of sand make road construction and maintenance difficult. Extreme temperatures can also damage the road surface.
- Flood-Prone Regions: During rainy seasons and floods, both unmetalled and metalled roads can become unmotorable or get washed away, severely disrupting transport and connectivity.
Q3EXERCISES
(iii) What are the modes by which cyber space will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans.
Solution
Cyberspace, or the Internet, is the electronic digital world that allows for communication and access to information without the physical movement of people. It expands the contemporary economic and social space of humans by removing the barriers of distance and time through various modes.
Key modes that facilitate this expansion are:
- E-mail: It allows for instantaneous communication across the globe, enabling personal connections and business correspondence that would have previously taken days or weeks. This fosters closer social ties and more efficient global business operations.
- E-commerce: Online shopping and banking allow consumers to purchase goods and services from anywhere in the world and enable businesses to reach a global market. This expands economic opportunities beyond local or national boundaries.
- E-learning: Digital platforms provide access to education and learning resources from prestigious institutions globally, regardless of a student's physical location. This democratises education and expands intellectual and social horizons.
- E-governance: Governments can provide services and information to citizens online, increasing transparency, accessibility, and participation in civic life. This expands the social space by allowing more direct interaction between citizens and the state.
Through these modes, cyberspace allows individuals to work, shop, learn, and interact with a global community from their homes. This integration of communication technologies is making the concept of a 'global village' a reality, fundamentally changing how humans occupy and interact within their economic and social spaces.
Q3EXERCISES
(i) Elucidate the statement- "In a well managed transport system, various modes complement each other".
Solution
The statement "In a well managed transport system, various modes complement each other" means that each mode of transport—land, water, and air—has its own unique advantages and is best suited for specific purposes. An efficient system integrates these modes so they work together seamlessly rather than competing with one another.
- Road Transport is ideal for short distances due to its speed, cost-effectiveness, and unique ability to provide door-to-door service. It acts as a crucial feeder system, connecting homes, farms, and factories to railway stations, airports, and seaports.
- Railways are most suitable for transporting large volumes of bulky goods like coal, ores, and grains over long distances within a country. They are reliable and less affected by weather conditions compared to roads.
- Water Transport is the cheapest mode for hauling heavy and bulky materials over very long international distances. It does not require route construction and has a massive carrying capacity.
- Air Transport is the fastest mode and is best for moving high-value, light, and perishable goods, as well as for long-distance passenger travel. It can also reach remote and inaccessible areas.
In a well-managed system, these modes are linked. For example, imported goods might arrive at a port via an ocean freighter (water transport), be transported to an inland city by train (railways), and then be delivered to individual businesses by truck (road transport). Each mode performs the task it is best suited for, creating an efficient, cost-effective, and comprehensive transportation network.
Q3EXERCISES
(ii) Which are the major regions of the world having a dense network of airways.
Solution
The world's dense airway networks are concentrated primarily in the most developed and industrialised regions of the Northern Hemisphere. These regions have a high volume of passenger and cargo traffic, advanced infrastructure, and high economic activity.
The major regions are:
- Eastern U.S.A.: This region has a highly dense network connecting major industrial and population centres. The U.S.A. alone accounts for about 60 per cent of the world's air traffic. Key nodal points include New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles.
- Western Europe: This is another region with one of the densest air networks, connecting major capital cities and commercial hubs. Important nodal points are London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Frankfurt.
- Southeast Asia: With rapid economic growth, this region has developed a dense network connecting major cities like Singapore, Bangkok, and Tokyo.
There is a distinct east-west belt of inter-continental air routes in the Northern Hemisphere connecting these three core regions. In contrast, continents like Africa, the Asiatic part of Russia, and South America have limited air services due to sparser populations, limited landmass, and lower levels of economic development.