Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian ContextClass 12 India - People And Economy NCERT Solutions
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Q1EXERCISES
Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.
(i)
Regional planning relates to :
(a)
Development of various sectors of economy.
(b)
Area specific approach of development.
(c)
Area differences in transportation network.
(d)
Development of rural areas.
(ii)
ITDP refers to which one of the following?
(a)
Integrated Tourism Development Programme
(b)
Integrated Travel Development Programme
(c)
Integrated Tribal Development Programme
(d)
Integrated Transport Development Programme
(iii)
Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
(a)
Agricultural development
(b)
Eco-development
(c)
Transport development
(d)
Colonisation of land
Solution
(i) (b) Area specific approach of development.
Explanation: The chapter defines regional planning as a type of planning that takes a spatial perspective to reduce regional imbalance in development, making it an area-specific approach.
(ii) (c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme
Explanation: The case study on the Bharmaur region explicitly states that under the Fifth Five Year Plan, Bharmaur was designated as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh.
(iii) (b) Eco-development
Explanation: The text highlights that attaining sustainable development in the Indira Gandhi Canal command area requires a major thrust on measures to achieve ecological sustainability. Five of the seven proposed measures are meant to restore ecological balance, such as afforestation and pasture development, making eco-development the most crucial factor.
Q2EXERCISES
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i)
What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region?
(ii)
Define the concept of sustainable development.
(iii)
What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
Solution
(i) What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region?
The social benefits derived from the Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP) in the Bharmaur region include a significant increase in the literacy rate, especially female literacy which rose from 1.88% in 1971 to 65% in 2011. Other benefits are an improvement in the sex ratio and a decline in the practice of child marriage.
(ii) Define the concept of sustainable development.
Sustainable development is defined as a “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” This concept, popularised by the Brundtland Commission Report 'Our Common Future' in 1987, emphasizes balancing ecological, social, and economic aspects of development for long-term viability.
(iii) What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
The introduction of canal irrigation has had several positive impacts. It has led to an increase in the cultivated area and cropping intensity. The availability of soil moisture has resulted in the greening of the land through afforestation and pasture development, which has helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of the canal systems. This has also led to a significant increase in agricultural and livestock productivity.
Q3EXERCISES
Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
(i)
Write short notes on drought-prone area programme. How does this programme help in the development of dryland agriculture in India?
(ii)
Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
Solution
(i) Write short notes on drought-prone area programme. How does this programme help in the development of dryland agriculture in India?
The Drought Prone Area Programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan with the primary objectives of providing employment to people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets. Initially, it focused on labour-intensive civil works. However, its scope later expanded to include irrigation projects, land development, afforestation, grassland development, and the creation of basic rural infrastructure like electricity, roads, and markets.
This programme helps in the development of dryland agriculture in the following ways:
- Ecological Balance: It focuses on the restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants, and the human and animal population, which is crucial for the sustainability of dryland agriculture.
- Integrated Watershed Development: It promotes an integrated watershed development approach at the micro-level. This helps in conserving soil and moisture, which are critical limiting factors in dryland regions.
- Resource Development: By developing irrigation, afforestation, and pasturelands, the programme enhances the productive capacity of the land and provides a more stable resource base for agriculture.
- Economic Diversification: It aims to create alternative employment opportunities, which reduces the pressure of the growing population on marginal lands for agriculture, thereby preventing further ecological degradation.
(ii) Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
To promote sustainability in the Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area, a multi-pronged approach focusing on ecological, social, and economic aspects is necessary. The following measures, as suggested in the chapter, should be implemented:
- Water Management: A strict water management policy is the first requirement. This involves providing protective irrigation in Stage-I and promoting extensive irrigation for crops and pasture development in Stage-II.
- Appropriate Cropping Pattern: The cropping pattern should not include water-intensive crops like rice. Instead, farmers should be encouraged to grow plantation crops such as citrus fruits, which consume less water.
- Reducing Water Loss: Command Area Development (CAD) programmes like the lining of water courses, land levelling, and the 'warabandi' system (equal water distribution) must be effectively implemented to minimize water conveyance loss.
- Land Reclamation: Areas that are already affected by waterlogging and soil salinity must be reclaimed to restore their productivity.
- Eco-development: A major emphasis should be placed on eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation, and pasture development, especially in the fragile environment of Stage-II.
- Social Sustainability: To ensure social sustainability, land allottees with poor economic backgrounds should be provided with adequate financial and institutional support for land cultivation.
- Economic Diversification: Economic sustainability cannot be achieved solely through agriculture and animal husbandry. There is a need to develop other sectors of the economy to create functional linkages between villages, agro-service centers, and market centers.
Q1Project
(i) Find out the area development programmes being implemented in your region. Assess the impact of such programmes on the society and economy in your locality.
Solution
(Note: This is a project-based question. The following is a sample approach on how to answer it.)
1. Identification of Programme:
First, identify a major area development programme in your region. For example, let us consider the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), a nationwide programme to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected habitations.
2. Assessment of Impact:
-
Economic Impact:
- Agriculture: Assess if the all-weather roads have provided farmers with better access to markets for selling their produce and buying inputs like seeds and fertilizers. This may have led to crop diversification and increased agricultural income.
- Employment: Observe if improved connectivity has created new employment opportunities. People might be able to travel to nearby towns for work. Local transport services like auto-rickshaws or small goods vehicles may have emerged.
- Local Economy: Check for the growth of small shops, service centers, or other businesses along the new roads due to increased accessibility.
-
Social Impact:
- Education: Investigate if school enrolment and attendance, particularly for girls, have improved as it is now safer and easier to travel to schools located further away.
- Healthcare: Assess the impact on healthcare access. People can now reach hospitals and health centers more quickly, especially during emergencies. This may have led to a reduction in maternal and infant mortality rates.
- Social Mobility and Integration: Observe if the road has increased interaction with outside areas, leading to greater social awareness and integration with the mainstream.
3. Methodology:
To gather this information, you can conduct interviews with village elders, farmers, school teachers, local business owners, and health workers. You can also collect data from the local panchayat or block development office on changes in economic and social indicators before and after the implementation of the programme.
Q2Project
(ii) Select your own area or identify an area facing severe environmental and socio-economic problems. Make an assessment of its resources and prepare their inventory. Suggest the measures for its sustainable development as it has been done in the case of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
Solution
(Note: This is a project-based question. The following is a sample approach on how to answer it.)
1. Selection of Area:
Let us select a hypothetical area: A coastal village in Odisha facing problems of coastal erosion, soil salinity, and poverty due to over-reliance on traditional fishing.
2. Resource Assessment and Inventory:
- Natural Resources: Coastline, sea, fish stocks, mangrove forests (degraded), groundwater (saline intrusion), sandy soil, coconut groves.
- Human Resources: Population of traditional fishing communities, high rate of illiteracy and unemployment, skilled in fishing and boat making but lacking modern skills.
- Infrastructure: Limited road connectivity, lack of proper sanitation, primary school, no primary health center, unreliable electricity.
- Socio-economic Problems: Coastal erosion threatening homes, soil salinity making agriculture difficult, declining fish catch due to overfishing and climate change, poverty, seasonal migration for labour.
3. Measures for Sustainable Development:
Inspired by the approach for the Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area, the following measures can be suggested:
-
Ecological Sustainability:
- Mangrove Afforestation: Implement a large-scale mangrove plantation drive. This will act as a natural barrier against coastal erosion and storm surges, and serve as a nursery for fish.
- Water Management: Promote rainwater harvesting to recharge groundwater and reduce salinity. Introduce drip irrigation for coconut and cashew plantations to conserve water.
- Sustainable Fishing: Enforce regulations against overfishing, promote cage culture and aquaculture as alternative livelihoods to reduce pressure on marine ecosystems.
-
Economic Sustainability:
- Livelihood Diversification: Promote eco-tourism (homestays, guided mangrove tours), coir-based industries, and processing of fish and other local produce. This will reduce dependence on fishing.
- Skill Development: Provide training to youth in modern aquaculture techniques, hospitality for tourism, and food processing.
-
Social Sustainability:
- Community Participation: Involve local communities, especially women's self-help groups, in mangrove restoration and eco-tourism projects.
- Infrastructure Development: Improve road connectivity, provide safe drinking water and sanitation facilities, and upgrade the local school and health facilities. This will improve the quality of life and reduce migration.