Key Points

Handpicking is a method used for separating solid materials from a mixture based on differences in their size, color, or shape. It is convenient when the components to be removed are in small quantities.

Threshing is the process in which the stalks of grains are beaten to separate the grains from them, preparing them for further separation.

Winnowing is the method of separating heavier and lighter components of a mixture, such as husk from grains, by using wind or blowing air.

Sieving separates components of a solid-solid mixture based on variations in particle size, allowing fine particles to pass through the sieve holes while larger ones remain.

Evaporation is the process in which a liquid gets converted into its vapor, leaving behind any dissolved solid component. This method is used to obtain salt from seawater or a salt solution.

Sedimentation is the process where heavier, insoluble components settle down at the bottom of a liquid when the mixture is left undisturbed.

Decantation is the process of gently removing the liquid by tilting the vessel after sedimentation has occurred, leaving the settled solid behind.

Filtration is a process used to separate insoluble solid components from a liquid using a filter, which allows the liquid to pass through but retains the solids.

Churning is a method used to extract lighter components, such as butter, from a liquid mixture like curd, causing the lighter part to float to the top.

Magnetic separation is the method of separating magnetic substances, like iron, from non-magnetic substances by using a magnet.

Technological developments have led to threshing machines, also called threshers, which perform both threshing and winnowing simultaneously for efficient grain separation.

Substances are separated to remove undesirable or harmful components, obtain useful components, or to make a substance pure for specific uses.

A filter paper is a specialized filter that has very fine pores, making it effective for separating even very small insoluble particles from liquids.

A mixture that has more than two components often requires a combination of several different separation methods to effectively isolate each component.