Nutrition, Health and Well-beingClass 11 Human Ecology And Family Sciences Part 2 NCERT Solutions
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Q1CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
What do DPT, OPV and BCG vaccines stand for?
Solution
Based on the information provided in the chapter, the full forms of the vaccines are as follows:
- DPT: Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
- OPV: Oral Polio Vaccine
- BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (an anti-tuberculosis vaccine)
Q1CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
How many Kcal of energy is required by a four-year-old child?
Solution
According to Table 4: Recommended dietary allowances for preschool children, a child in the age group of 4-6 years requires 1690 Kcal of energy.
Q2CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
How does diarrhoea result in dehydration?
Solution
Diarrhoea results in dehydration because it causes a depletion of water and electrolytes from the body. This loss of essential fluids is not easily replenished, especially in infants, leading to a state of dehydration. The chapter notes that this condition is a major cause of infant mortality.
Q2CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
What is the importance of iodine, iron, calcium and protein in the diet of preschool children?
Solution
The importance of these nutrients in the diet of preschool children is as follows:
- Iodine: It is essential for preventing Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), such as goitre. The chapter suggests that the universal use of iodised salt is a simple way to prevent this.
- Iron: It is crucial for preventing anaemia, a condition that results from iron deficiency.
- Calcium: It is required for the development of healthy bones. (This is inferred from its role mentioned for infants, which is a continuing need).
- Protein: It is vital for growth. A lack of protein can lead to Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), which affects the child's growth and overall health.
Q3CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Which are the three aspects to be taken into account while planning diets for preschoolers?
Solution
The three aspects to be taken into account while planning diets for preschool children are:
- Variety: The diet should include a variety of textures, tastes, smells, and colours. This helps in broadening the child's nutritional intake and their overall eating experience.
- Balance: The diet must have a proper balance of complex carbohydrates, lean proteins, and essential fats to ensure all nutritional needs for growth and energy are met.
- Moderation: There should be moderation in the consumption of sweets, ice creams, and fast foods that are rich in fats and refined flours, to prevent unhealthy eating habits and related health issues.
Q3CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Why is the mother's health and nutrition important to avoid deficiency diseases in infants?
Solution
The mother's health and nutrition are crucial to avoid deficiency diseases in infants primarily because the infant's nutritional requirements for the first 4-6 months are met through breast milk. The chapter states that an average secretion of 850 ml of breast milk from a well-nourished mother provides all the necessary nutrients. If the mother is well-nourished, the baby thrives. Therefore, the mother must consume a diet rich in protein, calcium, and iron, along with adequate fluids, to ensure the quality and quantity of her breast milk, thereby preventing malnutrition and deficiency diseases in her infant.
Q4CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Classify complementary foods.
Solution
The chapter provides a table (Table 2: Types of Complementary Foods) that classifies complementary foods based on the infant's age and the food's consistency. They can be classified into the following categories:
- Liquids (4-6 months): These are the first foods introduced alongside breast milk. Examples include fruit juices, soups, milk-based preparations like suji kheer, and dal water.
- Semi-solids (6-9 months): As the infant grows, thicker foods are introduced. Examples include mashed fruits (like banana, papaya), mashed vegetables (like potato, carrot), and cereals (like dalia, khichri).
- Solids (9-12 months): Towards the end of the first year, the infant can handle more solid textures. Examples include minced meat, finely chopped vegetables, and family foods like chapati soaked in dal.
Q4CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Why are snacks important in a preschooler's diet?
Solution
Snacks are important in a preschooler's diet because it is often difficult for them to consume enough food in just three main meals to meet their energy and nutrient needs. Healthy snacks provided between meals supply the necessary calories and nutrients required for their rapid growth and high activity levels. Additionally, snack time serves as a good opportunity to introduce new and healthy foods to the child.
Q5CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
What is MMR vaccine for?
Solution
According to Table 6: Immunisation schedule, the MMR vaccine provides immunity against three diseases: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella.
Q1Review Questions
Why should we limit the intake of saturated fats, excess sugars and salt in a school child's diet?
Solution
It is important to limit the intake of saturated fats, excess sugars, and salt in a school child's diet for several health reasons:
- Saturated Fats and Sugars: The growth rate of school children slows down compared to early childhood. Diets rich in fats and sugars provide excess calories, which can lead to obesity and its related problems like Type II diabetes and hypertension. The text mentions that fat calories should be maintained at around 20 per cent of total calories.
- Excess Sugars: Foods with added sugars are a primary cause of dental caries (cavities) in children.
- Excess Salt (Sodium): A high intake of sodium can increase blood pressure. This is a major risk factor for developing serious health issues later in life, such as stroke, kidney disease, and coronary heart disease.
Q2Review Questions
How does involving children in meal planning help in healthy eating?
Solution
Involving children in meal planning helps promote healthy eating in several ways:
- Increases Interest: It makes the process of healthy eating more interesting and engaging for them. When children have a say in what they eat, they are more likely to accept and enjoy the food.
- Educational: It teaches them about making healthy food choices and planning balanced meals. Taking them along to buy ingredients can also teach them how to select fresh and good quality food materials.
- Develops Positive Attitude: Participating in age-appropriate tasks of planning, preparing, and serving meals helps children develop healthy and positive concepts about food. They often get excited about eating something they helped create.
Q3Review Questions
"Childhood obesity is on the increase." Give reasons.
Solution
The chapter states that childhood obesity is a growing health risk among children. The primary reasons for this increase are:
- Unhealthy Diet: Children's diets are increasingly rich in fatty foods, high in salt, low in fiber, and include beverages with added sugar. This combination leads to a high calorie intake without adequate nutrition.
- Non-active Lifestyle: A sedentary or non-active lifestyle complements the poor dietary habits. Children spend more time on activities like watching television and less time on physical sports and activities. This means they are not burning the excess calories they consume.
The problem is noted to be more prevalent among children from higher socioeconomic sections of society.
Q4Review Questions
How has the Mid-day Meal Scheme" boosted children's health as well as school performance?
Solution
The Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) has boosted children's health and school performance in several significant ways:
- Improved Health and Nutrition: By providing a free, nutritious lunch to school children from Classes I-VIII, the scheme addresses the problem of undernutrition. Many children, especially from poor families, who might otherwise go to school on an empty stomach, receive a guaranteed meal, improving their overall health.
- Enhanced School Performance: Teachers report that after the implementation of the scheme, the classroom performance and attention spans of children have improved significantly. A well-fed child is better able to concentrate and learn.
- Increased Enrolment and Reduced Drop-outs: The scheme has led to an increase in school enrolment and a decline in the drop-out rate, as the meal acts as an incentive for parents to send their children to school.
- Reduced Gender Gap: MDMS has been shown to reduce the gender gap in education by particularly boosting female attendance in schools.
Q1Suggested activities
(a) You are visiting your native village or any other village where you find that children are malnourished and victims of many resulting diseases. If you were asked to talk to the parents what would you say about-
(i)
role of adequate nutrition in protecting children from diseases?
(ii)
planning balanced meals for young children?
(iii)
communicable diseases and importance of immunisation?
(iv)
immunisation schedule during preschool years?
Solution
If asked to talk to parents in a village about malnourished children, I would explain the following based on the chapter:
(i) Role of adequate nutrition in protecting children from diseases:
Adequate nutrition is the foundation of a child's health. It strengthens the body's ability to fight diseases and helps in healing. Good nutrition ensures that all organs and systems of the body function properly. Nutritional deficiencies, like Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), anaemia (iron deficiency), and nutritional blindness (vitamin A deficiency), make children weak and highly susceptible to infections like diarrhoea, tuberculosis, and measles. A well-nourished child has a strong immune system and is less likely to fall sick.
(ii) Planning balanced meals for young children:
To plan balanced meals, it is important to include a variety of foods from all the five food groups: cereals and millets; pulses; milk; fruits and vegetables; and fats/oils and sugar. For young children, meals should be calorie-dense and provide enough protein for growth. It is important to use locally available and affordable foods. For example, preparations like Balahar (wheat, groundnut, and bengal gram flours) or Poshak (cereal, pulse, groundnut, and jaggery) are low-cost, nutritious options. Meals should be served regularly, and children should be encouraged to eat a variety of foods.
(iii) Communicable diseases and importance of immunisation:
Communicable diseases like polio, diphtheria, tuberculosis, pertussis, measles, and tetanus are very dangerous for children, especially when they are also malnourished. These diseases can cause severe illness, disability, and even death. Immunisation is the most effective way to protect children from these diseases. A vaccine contains a weak or inactive form of the germ, which teaches the child's body to produce antibodies. These antibodies then protect the child for life if they are ever exposed to the actual disease.
(iv) Immunisation schedule during preschool years:
It is crucial to follow the national immunisation schedule to protect your child. After the first year, there are several important vaccines and booster doses. This includes:
- 15-18 months: MMR vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella.
- 16 months - 2 years: Booster doses for DPT and OPV.
- 2 years: Typhoid Vaccine.
- 5 years: DT vaccine.
- Vitamin A drops are also given at 18, 24, 30, and 36 months to prevent blindness.
Q2Suggested activities
(b) Your neighbour's two-month-old child suffers from diarrhoea repeatedly. Explain about- Nutritional needs of infants Importance of exclusive breast feeding for the baby's health and development Low cost complementary foods and their preparation from locally available food stuffs
Solution
For a neighbour whose two-month-old child suffers from repeated diarrhoea, I would provide the following information from the chapter:
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Nutritional needs of infants: Infants grow very rapidly and have very high nutritional needs. In fact, they require twice as many calories per kilogram of body weight as an adult doing heavy work. They need protein for muscle growth, calcium for healthy bones, and iron for blood volume expansion. For the first six months, all these needs are perfectly met by mother's milk.
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Importance of exclusive breast feeding for the baby's health and development: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is highly recommended. Mother's milk is nature's perfect food for a baby. It is simple, hygienic, and always available at the right temperature. Most importantly, it protects the baby from infections that cause diarrhoea, as well as chest and urinary infections. This is because it contains antibodies that provide natural immunity. The first yellow milk, colostrum, is especially rich in these antibodies and must be fed to the baby. Breast milk is also free from allergens and is perfectly balanced with all the required nutrients.
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Low cost complementary foods and their preparation from locally available food stuffs: While a two-month-old needs only breast milk, it is useful to know about complementary foods for when the baby reaches six months of age. These can be prepared easily and cheaply at home using local ingredients. Some examples are:
- Balahar: A mix of whole wheat, groundnut, and bengal gram flours in a 7:2:2 ratio.
- Poshak: A mix of a cereal (like wheat or rice), a pulse (like chana), groundnut, and jaggery in a 4:2:1:2 ratio.
- Amutham: A mix of rice, ragi, bengal gram, sesame, groundnut flours, and jaggery. These ingredients are usually roasted, ground into flour, and mixed in the correct proportions. They are very nutritious and can be cooked into a porridge for the baby.
Q3Suggested activities
(c) Enlist and explain briefly the steps involved in developing healthy food habits in school going children.
Solution
The steps involved in developing healthy food habits in school-going children, as described in the chapter, are:
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Establish sensible eating habits: Parents should encourage children to eat healthy foods instead of becoming 'munching machines' glued to the TV. One innovative way is to prepare and serve attractive bowls of fruit and vegetable salads with interesting dressings and fancy names to make healthy food appealing.
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Encourage physical activity: Healthy eating must be paired with physical activity. Children should be encouraged to have 45-60 minutes of moderate activity daily. Limiting television time and encouraging sports and other extracurricular activities helps create an active lifestyle and prevents obesity.
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Ensure food safety: Children must be taught the importance of hygiene. This includes washing their hands before eating, and washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly. Involving children in food preparation, such as washing and cutting vegetables under supervision, can help instill these habits.
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Ensure control over quantity intake: Children aged 9-12 can usually gauge their own hunger. They should not be forced to eat more than they want, as this can override their natural feeling of fullness. Food should not be used as a reward or a way of showing love. Skipping an occasional meal is not a problem as long as it does not become a regular habit.
Q4Suggested activities
(d) Explain the aspects you will take into account in helping children with special needs with nutritional issues-
(i)
Observation
(ii)
Physical activity
(iii)
Developing eating skills
(iv)
Variety
(v)
Special diets
Solution
When helping children with special needs with nutritional issues, the following aspects should be taken into account:
(i) Observation: It is crucial to closely observe the child's behaviour and progress during mealtimes. This includes observing their ability to handle different foods, their food preferences, any allergies, and specific conditions. This helps in understanding their needs and promoting skills for adequate nutrition.
(ii) Physical activity: While not explicitly detailed in the special needs section, the chapter emphasizes physical activity for all children. For children with special needs, appropriate physical activity, as advised by a professional, is important for overall well-being, managing weight, and promoting a healthy lifestyle.
(iii) Developing eating skills: Children with disabilities may need more time to eat and might struggle to feed themselves. It is important to focus on positive reinforcement to keep them motivated. They should be seated comfortably and encouraged to develop self-feeding skills. One should allow them to eat increasingly challenging textures as they progress, and adaptive equipment can be used if needed.
(iv) Variety: As with all children, variety is important. Introducing a variety of foods broadens nutritional intake. For children with special needs who may have sensory issues or strong preferences, new foods should be introduced gradually and patiently, perhaps alongside their favorite foods.
(v) Special diets: Many children with special needs require modifications in their diet. For example, spastic children might need liquids to be thickened or lumpy foods to be softened for easier swallowing. Children with autism may have altered senses of taste or smell, requiring dietary changes based on their choices. Any food that a child is allergic to must be immediately removed from their diet.
Q5Suggested activities
(e) How do family, media and peers influence the food intake of children?
Solution
Family, media, and peers are major influences on the food intake of children, particularly during the preschool and school-age years.
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Family Environment: The family is the primary influence on a child's eating habits. Parents shape food preferences and establish eating patterns, often without conscious effort. When parents have proper nutritional knowledge and practice positive parenting, they encourage the total well-being of their children. Eating together as a family in a pleasant atmosphere helps children learn good eating behaviors by imitating other family members.
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Media: The media, especially television commercials, has a very strong influence on children. Catchy slogans and endorsements by their favorite film stars tempt them to demand foods that are often low in fiber and high in sugar, fat, and sodium. Attractive displays of foods during festivities can also influence their snacking habits, reducing their appetite for proper meals.
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Peers: As a child enters school, the influence of their peer group becomes very significant. Their food intake may change from what is followed at home to match what their friends eat. Children often eat well in the company of friends and are more willing to try new foods that they might otherwise refuse at home. The tiffin brought to school is often finished when eaten along with peers, making group settings beneficial for promoting good food habits.